HISTORY FOR IAS:CLASS V1-NCERT

14 grand slam for nadal----2005 first for nadal as french open.....

6 grand slam for djokovic

17 grand slam for federer 2003 first grand slam for federer....wimbledon

margrat court most grandslam won by a lady....she is a australian player

2014 fifa world cup is 20th fifa world cup....it is happening in brazil and its second tym brazil is hosting the world cup....

for the first tym it was hosted in 1950...

64 matched will be played between 32 countries....

across 12 cities....

 Luis Suárez,  was banned for next 12 matches for biting italian gerogian chielliani....

 from 1930,,,,world cup started and except two times its happening;....

 2010----spain....

 miroslav klose is highest goaled scorer in world cup and he playes for germany

 germany lothar mathus played most number of matches....25 matches....

 brazil won most number of matches with 5 wc in its name,....

 adidas brazuca is the name of the football being used in the wc....

 it is made by forward sports and it is situated in pakistan....

 2018 wc will take place in russia....

 london olympis 2012---inspire the generation....

opening ceremony was called isles of wonder....

highest number of medal was won by america with 46 gold and 104 medal in total and china got 2nd place with 38 gold and 88 medal in total....

7/6/2014

SOIL IN INDIA::::

Alluvial Soils

This type of soil is common in Northern India, particularly in the delta regions. Alluvial soils are deposited by rivers and are rich in some nutrients (particularly potash and humus), but are lacking in nitrogen and phosphorous. They tend to be sandier and quicker-draining than many other soils. Rice, wheat, sugarcane, cotton and jute all grow well in these soils

Black Soils

Black soil gets its color from various salts or from humus. It contains a large amount of clay, but is sandy as well in hillier regions. This soil contains moderate amounts of phosphorous but is poor in nitrogen. This type of soil is also used for rice, wheat, sugarcane and cotton. It is additionally used to grow groundnut, millet and oilseeds.

Desert Soils

Desert soils are sandy and dry. They do contain nitrogen, but are suitable for agriculture only if there is a sufficient water supply. Generally only drought-resistant crops such as barley and millet can grow in this type of soil.

Laterite Soils

These soils are found in areas of India with heavy rainfall, particularly near the coasts. It is an acidic soil and is rich in iron, which gives the soil a somewhat red appearance. It is used to grow more tropical crops such as cashew, rubber, coconut, tea and coffee

Mountain Soils

These soils are found in the Himalayas and contain significant amounts of organic matter. They are somewhat acidic, but suitable for growing tea, coffee, spices and many types of tropical fruits.

BLACK SOIL----COTTON

http://geographyias.blogspot.in/2010/12/indian-soils.html

MOST PRESENT SOIL IN INDIA  IS BLACK SOIL AND ,MOST ACIDIC IS LATERITE SOIL.

AUTOPSY IS ANOTHER WORD OF POSTMORTEM….

sulaiman and kirthar are located in north west where as garo hill are located in north east and vindhyas are located in central region

The place where rice were grown first was north of vindhyas.

Magadh was the kingdom that was located on south of gangas and on river son,,,,

The word INDIA came from Indus,called Sindhu in sanskrit.

RIGVEDA was the earliest compostion of the history,,,,

Manuscript were written by hand and were written on palm leaves and birch tree,which grow in himakayas.

Manuscript were written in sanskrit,prakrit and tamil.

Inscription were important notes written on stones.

Inscription were written in greek and aramaic.

BC-Before christ

AD-After christ and

AD 2004----anno domini means in year  of lord.

The archeologist understand the language of the inscription through a process called decipherment.

Egypt is in  north africa.

Cartouche is the stone that has languagae inscriped in it.

Factory sites are the sites where the stones were prepared for hunting.

Factory cum habitaion sites were the sites where the person used to live and prepared stone tools for themselves.

Stone tools were made using two technology .They were stone on stone and other was pressure flaking.....

In Kurnool caves,ashes of fire was found.

Hearding and rearing were also the part of the ancient india and there were also the evidenve of having growing the vegetation in the several part of india,,,,also fishing was also the major activity of the ancient india....

Phaleolithic is the ancient history period.This period extends from 2 million year ago to 12000 years age.

The period 12000 ago and 10000 ago is called mesolithic and stones found during that was tiny and are called microlith.

The period after that 10000 year ago was called neolithic.

The ancient period have painting which shows animals and have great accuracy....

Ostrich egg were found in the patne district of maharastra during phaleophitic period.

A hunsgi sites near patne mumbai is a phaleophitic sites and large number of tool were found here.This sites was probably habitation cum factory site.

Most of the tool were made of limestone(CaCO3)

Nomadic:hunting and gathering wild plant

herder:protect animal

tame:animal that are not dangerous.

Dog was the first animal to be tamed.

Domestication was the process to grow plant and protect animal for livelihood and this was the part of our  ancient life.

The plant that was first Domestication was wheat and barley and first animal to be domesticated was sheep and goat....

When the ancient people begin to grow the plant and riped them,they have to stay there for several period of tym and when they are prepared they were used for eating as well as storing.

To store them,they were making large clay pot,or dug pit or wove basket into the ground.

The ancient first farmer were from north present day kashmir,east and south india,,,,Archeologist came to know about all this by means of burnt grains,,,,

In Burzahom,,,,present day Kashmir,,,,people built house inside the earth so that they could live there according to the weather,,,,
Also cooking area was made outside and inside the house,so that they could prepare food according to the weather,,,,
In Neolithic age the tool were made some more advance with some shining and fine cutting grain provided into them.
Some tool were also made of bone.
Also people used to weaven cloth from the material like cotton.
Farmers and herders used to live in the group called tribe.
Member of same tribe follow some occupation such as agriculture,herding ,hunting,gathering,fishing and women do most of the agricultural work right from the preparing field to sowing,reaping,etc.
Children are supposed to do small work like handling of small folk i.e animal while men used to do the herds  of large animal in search of pasture.
Cleaning of animal was the task of both men and women.
Some men in the tribe are regarded as leader of the tribe because they may be young,experienced ,brave etc.
Old women are respected because of their age,wisdom and experienced.
Each tribe have their own culture,tradition, and they have their own god and godess.
Land,Forest,grassland and water are regarded as their wealth of the tribe.

Mehrgarh now in Pakistan is the oldest village that archeologist know about and it is the place where men and women knew how to grow wheat and barley and how to rear sheep and goats.
Mehrgarh have also houses .Genreally of 3 to 4 compartment and life after death is also common in that period as men and women who die were buried in the land and even some bodies were found with the skelton of goats and it was assumed that the body after life needs food so that the goat is buried with it.


Doaji valley near Brahmaputra valley ,in the way of china and myanmaar:here the tools were made of mortars and used to reap and cook the food,A stone name JADEITE ,probably brought from china was also found and tools from fossil fuel were also found such as fossil wood and pottery

HARAPPA SITES:

Harappa mohenjodaro were the part of Indus valley civilization.
for the first time,the railway lines were put in india was in Punjab.
Harappa is in present day Pakistan,

It has readymade,high quality bricks .

The engineer who were laying the railway lines in Punjab,used thousand of brick from harappan sites and have built the railway lines,

Haraapan period exist about 4700 hundred year ago and was the oldest city to be discovered.
Harapaan city was divided into two or three parts .
usually part in the west were smaller but were higher,Archeologist gived them the name as citadel and
Part in east were larger but lower.
This is called lower town.
In mohanjodaro,there was a great bath,where special people might take bath.
Natural tar was used for its preparation.
Other sites Kalibangan have fire altars where rituals were performed.
Mohanjodaro,Harappa and lothal have store houses.
Harappa was situated along Ravi river and mohanjodaro was located on Indus river.
harappan people knew how to write and there were inscriped that has helped to know that people in that age knew how to write.
Also terracotta toys have been found in the harappan civilization.
also the metal used were copper,bronze ,gold and silver.
Cotton was grown in mehrgrah from about 7000 year ago.
Faience was metal that was made artificially and were glazed and used for the beads and blade.
It was used in harappan culture.

The raw material used by harappan people are
Copper:that are brought from present day rajasthan or from OMAN from west asia.
tin mixed with copper result in bronze and tin was brought from afganistan,iran and gujrat,
Plough was used for digging the earth.

As harappan cities has less rainfall,so there was evidence of irrigation was used for the making agriculture easy and there was evidence that harappan people used to store the water for irrigation .

In case of less rainfall,large herds and cattle was taken to large distance in search of grass and water.
Dholavira in gujrat near rann of kutch ,,,,,has been evidence of harappan civilization.
Unlike other harappan towns,which was divided into two parts,dholavira was divided into three parts,each part was covered with massive walls and there was a great gateway for entrance,

The city lothal,that was situated near tributary of Sabarmati has been evidence of the harappan civilization and that area is rich for semi precious stone that were used as a raw material.
This was important center for making product out of stone,shell and metal.
Seal and Sealing was used at that tym which was used to knew that the good that have been reached are fresh or not.After the goods are kept in the packet, a small wet material are put on the top.

Around 3900 hundered year ago,there was major changes in the Indus civilization,,,,which suggested that there was either flood in the river or there was drought.
Egypt is a city that is located on river nile.

vedas are the oldest book available in this world.
There are four vedas:rigvedas,samvedas,yajurvedas,atharvavdeas.
Among all vedas,rigvedas are the oldest one.
it is 3500 year age....
The rigvedas contain hymns called suktas and these are called in favour of god.
There are 3 god which are important  for us....
indra:god of rain
Agni:God of fire
and Soma:a plant from which a special drink was prepared.
These hymns were composed by sages(rishis)
Rigvedas was written in old sanskrit(vedic sanskrit),that are different from what we learnt in school.
Sanskrit is known as family of language called indo-europeon.
Language used in north india is called Tibeto-Burman family
tamil,telugu,kannada and malyalam are called dravidian family.
and language used in jharkhand and central india is called austro-asiatic family.
Rigvedas are usually heard than read.
In rigvedas,there are two group described according to the work they do....
one is brahmin and other are rajas.
generally sons do not succedd to the position of rajas as described in rigvedas.
two word were used in rigvedas to describe the community:jana and vish(came from vaishya)
Rigvedas were composed in north west of the subcontinent.
sometimes the person who recite the hymns,called themselves as aryas and dasas to their opponent.
The megalith are the structure made of stone which signifies the dead body and was present in variuos part of india like south india ,north east india,dravidian ,kashmir.
The burial has something common like there were black and red ware.its the structure of the pot,sometimes iron was also found and there were skelton of horses and ornament of gold and silvers were also found,
burial were made according to the status....
Brahmnagri was the place were with one dead body,33 gold coins were found and with other only one was found.
Sometimes more than one dead body was found at same burial and the body died at differnet time.

Charaka samitha was the book that was written by Charak and he told that there were 360 bones in human body.

rajas in ancient time was made by jana and there are also evidenve that the rajas were those who made a huge sacrifice in their life.
The ceremony in which the rajas were chosen,shudras was excluded.
Vedas also contain rules of the society.
The priest divided the people into 4group  called varnas,,,,,
The first varna was that of the brahmin. Brahhins were expected to study (and teach) the Vedas, perform sacrifices and receive gifts.In the second place were the rulers, also known as kshatriyas. They were expected to fight battles and protect people.
Third were the vish or the vaishyas. They were expected to be farmers,herders, and traders.
both sachtriyas and vaishyas can sacrifies.
Shudras were their to serve the above three group and they were not allowed to study the vedas and women were also group with them.
Rajas were made the king of janpadas and they were supposed to rule janpadas.
Many of the janpadas were exacatued by ASI and they found people there used to grow crop,they have cattles there and a interesting thing they found was painted grey ware.
About 2500 hundred year ago,some janpadas become more important than other janapad and they were called  mahajanapadas.
Payment to the soldier and armies was made using punch coins.
The rajas used to collect the taxes from the people to maintain the uniformity in the mahajanpadas and the most common tax was
AGRICULTURE TAX: and it was 1/6 of the total crop grown.
similarly the taxes were implemented onto other worker in form of their product gift to rajas.

Two major changes in agriculture was seen and it was first use of iron plough and transplanting paddy.,
magadh was the most important mahajanpadas of the ancient india and there were 2 river flowing from it....they were ganga and son,they were important source of water fertility and transporation and there were iron ore there.
magadh has two important ruler and they were bimbisara and ajatsatru.
mahapadma nanda was another important ruler at that tym.rajgriha was the captial of magadh for very long tym,Later the captital was shifted to patliputra(now days patna).
Digha nikaya:buddhist book
In atharv ved ,lot is mentioned about magadh and
origin of two most important dynasty was from magahd and they are gupta and maurya.|


there were vajji kingdom in ancient india and their captial was vaishali and there were many rajas at a tym who ruled the kingdom.
the vajji used to comprise of gana and sangha and both buddha and mahavira belong to ganas or sanghas.

UPANISHAD:it means sitting and approaching other....and text contain conversation between teacher and student,
many upanishad thinker were man and rajas but there is evidence that there was women named gargi who has made the contribution in upanishad.
many of the contributor of upanisad are from upper cast or rajas but there is evidence that there was slave who also has a great contribution.his name was SATYAKAMA JABALA.he has contributed a lot in the upanishad.his teacher name was gautama and he was a brahmin.
panini was the gramarrian for the sanskrit.

the ashram system followed in the brahman was four:
brahmacharya:those who were used to live the unmarried lyf
grishta:married lyf
vanaprastha:live in fore
k
sanyasi


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