INDIAN DESERTS,COASTAL PLAIN AND THE ISLAND OF INDIA

DESERTS::::

INDIAN DESERTS LIES TO THE WESTERN PART OF ARAVALI HILL.

LUNI IS THE ONLY SINGLE LARGEST RIVER IN THIS REGION.

THE LOCATION OF THAR DESERTS CAN BE DESCRIBED AS SATLUJ RIVER ON THE NORTH,ARAVALI RANGE ON THE EAST,GREAT RANN OF KUTCH ON THE SOUTH AND INDUS RIVER ON THE WEST.

COASTAL PLAINS::::

THERE IS A COASTAL PLAIN ACROSS THE SIDE OF INDIA ON WEST AND EAST SIDE,RIGHT FROM BAY OF BENGAL AND ARABIAN SEA.

THE WESTERN PLAIN IS SANDWITCH BETWEEN THE WESTERN GHAT AND THE ARABIAN SEA.

IT IS DIVIDED INTO THREE PART FROM 

1)KONKAN--AREA OF MUMBAI AND GOA

2)KANNAD--AREA OF CENTRAL WESTERN GHAT.

3)MALABAAR--AREA OF SOUTHERN WESTERN GHAT.

THE EASTERN COASTAL PLAINS ARE NAMED BY TWO DIFFERENT NAMES::::

NORTHERN CIRCAR IN THE NORTH AND COROMONDEL COAST IN THE SOUTH.

VARIOUS RIVER FORM THE MAJOR DELTA IN THE EASTERN REGION LIKE::::

MAHANADI,GODAVARI,KRISHNA AND KAVERI

CHILKA LAKE IS THE MAJOR ATTRACTION OF EASTERN COASTAL PLAIN.

IT IS THE LARGEST SALT WATER LAKE OF INDIA.

IT LIE IN THE SOUTH OF MAHANADI RIVER.

ISLAND::::

INDIA HAS TWO MAJOR ISLAND ISLAND.

LAKSHADEEP ISLAND LIES CLOSE TO THE MALABAAR COAST,THAT IS IN THE KERALA.

IT IS THE CORAL ISLAND.

Earlier they were known as Laccadive,

Minicoy and Amindive

KAVARATTI ISLAND IS THE ADMINISTRATIVE ISLAND OF THE LAKSHADWEEP.

THE ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLAND LIES IN THE EAST SIDE OF INDIA COAST.

THESE ARE MORE SCATTERED.

ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLAND ARE DIVIDED INTO TWO ISLAND,

FIRST ONE IS THE ANDAMAN THAT LIES IN THE NORTH AND NICOBAR ISLAND LIES IN THE SOUTH.

INDIA ONLY ACTIVE VOLCANO IS FOUND IN BARREN ISLAND IN ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR GROUP OF ISLAND.

DECCAN PLATEAU

THE DECCAN PLATEAU IS THE PLATEAU THAT HAS TRIANGULAR LANDMASS.

THIS IS THE PLATEAU THAT LIES IN THE SOUTH OF NARMADA REGION.

THE SATPURA RANGE FLANKS ITS LARGE BASE IN THE NORTH WHILE MAHADEO,KAIMUR AND MAIKAL HAS EASTWARD EXTENSION.

DECCAN PLATEAU IS HIGH IN THE WEST WHILE IT GENTLY SLOPES EASTWARD.

AN EXTENSION OF THE PLATEAU IS ALSO VISIBLE IN NORTH EAST LOCALLY KNOWN AS MEGHALAYA,KARBI-ANGLONG PLATEAU AND NORTH CHACHHAR PLATEAU.

IT IS SEPERATED BY A FAULT OF CHOTANAGPUR PLATEAU.

THE THREE PROMINENT RANGE FROM WEST TO EAST ARE GARO,KHASI AND JAINTIA HILLS.

THE WESTERN GHAT AND EASTERN GHAT MARK THE WESTERN AND EASTERN EDGE OF DECCAN PLATEAU.

WESTERN GHAT LIE PARALLEL TO THE WESTERN COAST.

WESTERN GHAT CAN BE CROSSED ONLY THROUGH THE PASSES.

WESTERN GHAT ARE HIGHER THAN THE EASTERN GHAT.

THE AVERAGE ELEVATION OF WESTERN GHAT ARE 900-1200 METERS.

WHILE AVERAGE ELEVATION OF EASTERN GHAT ARE 600 METERS.

THE EASTERN GHAT STRETCH FROM THE MAHNADI VALLEY TO THE NILGIRI IN THE SOUTH.

EASTERN GHAT ARE IRREGULAR AND DISSECTED BY THE RIVERS DRAINING TO THE BAY OF BENGAL.

THE WESTERN GHAT RISES AS IT MOVES FROM THE NORTH TO SOUTH.

THE HIGHEST PEAK INCLUDE ANNA MUDI OF WESTERN GHAT.

MAHENDRAGIRI IS THE HIGHEST PEAK OF EASTERN GHAT.

THE UNIQUE FEATURE OF PENNINSULAR PLATEAU IS THAT SOIL IS BLACK SOIL ORIGINATED BY VOLCANO AND HENCE THEY ARE IGNEOUS.

IN MAHARASTRA AND KARNATAKA,WESTERN GHAT ARE KNOWN AS SHYADIRI.

AND ARE CALLED NILGIRI IN THE SOUTH.

AT TAMIL NADU AND KERALA BORDER,THEY ARE KNOWN AS CARDMOM AND ANNAMALAI HILLS.

PENINSULAR PLATEAU

PENINSULAR PLATEAU::::
THE PENINSULAR PLATEAU IS COMPOSED OF OLD CRYSTALLINE,IGNEOUS AND METAMORPHIC ROCK.
IT WAS FORMED DUE TO BREAKING AND DRIFTING OF GONDWANA LANDMASS.
THIS PLATEAU COMPOSED OF CENTRAL HIGHLAND AND DECCAN PLATEAU.
THE PLATEAU LYING IN THE NORTH OF NARMADA COVERING THE LARGE LANDMASS OF MALWA PLATEAU IS KNOWN AS CENTRAL HIGHLAND.
THE VINDHYA RANGE IS BOUNDED BY CENTRAL HIGHLAND IN THE SOUTH AND ARAVALI IN THE NORTH.
THE VINDHYAS AND ITS EAST WARD STRETCH MARKS THE NORTH PORTION OF CENTRAL HIGHLAND.
TO THE NORTH WEST,IT HAS ARAWALI MOUNTAIN.

FOUR RIVER FLOW THROUGH THE CENTRAL HIGHLAND NAMELY CHAMBAL,SINDH,BETWA AND KEN IS FROM SOUTHWEST TO NORTHWEST.
THE EASTWARD EXTENSION OF CENTRAL HIGHLAND IS NAMED AS BUNDELKHAND AND BAGHELKHAND.
THE CHOOTANNAGPUR IS MARKED BY FURTHER EASTWARD MOVEMENT AND IT IS HAVING THE RIVER AS DAMODAR RIVER.
NARMADA,MAHI AND TAPTI ARE THE THREE IMPORTANT RIVER OF PENNISULAR PLAIN AND FLOW FROM WEST TO EAST.

NARMADA RIVER

NARMADA IS THE RIVER THAT HAS MAKEN THE BOUNDRY BETWEEN NORTH INDIA AND SOUTH INDIA.
NARMADA ORIGINATE FROM THE AMARKANTAK RANGE.
AMARKANTAK RANGE IS IN THE DECCAN PLATEAU.
NARMADA MEETS ARABIAN SEA IN THE BHARAUCH DISTRICT IN GUJRAT.
IT IS ONLY RIVER IN INDIA THAT FLOW IN THE RIFT.
IT ALSO DEMARCATE THE PLATEAU IN INDIA.
THE PLATEAU NORTH OF THE NARMADA IS CALLED AS CENTRAL HIGHLAND AND PLATEAU SOUTH OF THE NARMADA IS CALLED AS DECCAN PLATEAU.

PHYSICAL FEATURE OF INDIA

THE OLDEST LANDMASS THAT EXISTS IN THIS WORLD IS THE GONDWANA LAND,IT INCLUDES INDIA,AUSTRALIA,SOUTH AFRICA AND SOUTH AMERICA.
THE INDIAN PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISION INCLUDES THE
1)HIMALAYAS
2)NORTHERN PLAIN
3)PENNISULAR PLATEAU
4)INDIAN DESERTS
5)ISLANDS
6)COASTAL PLAINS.

THE HIMALAYAN MOUNTAINS::::
THE HIMALAYAN MOUNTAIN FORM AN ARC,WHICH COVER THE DISTANCE OF 2400 KM.
THE HIMALAYAN CONSIST OF THREE PARALLEL RANGES,THE NORTHERN MOST PART IS THE HIMADRI,IN THIS RANGE MOST OF THE HIGH RANGES LIES.
THE CORE OF THE HIMALAYAS ARE MADE UP OF GRANITE.

THE SOUTH OF THE HIMADRI LIES THE HIMACHAL.
PIR PANJAL RANGE IS THE MOST IMPORTANT RANGE OF HIMACHAL.
DHAUL DHAR AND MAHABHARAT ARE OTHER IMPORTANT RANGES OF THIS REGION.
THE SOUTHMOST RANGE OF HIMALAYAS ARE THE SHIWALIK AND ALL THE DUNS LIES HERE.
THE HIMALYAS ARE ALSO DIVIDED ON BASED ON RIVERS....
HIMALAYAS BETWEEN INDUS AND SATLUJ IS KNOWN AS PUNJAB HIMALAYAS AND REGIONALLY IT IS KNOWN AS KASHMIR.
HIMACHAL HIMALAYAS FROM WEST TO EAST.
PART OF HIMALAYAS LYING BETWEEN SATLUJ AND KALI IS KNOWN AS KUMAON.
PART BETWEEN KALI AND TISTA IS KNOWN AS NEPAL HIMALAYAS.
PART BETWEEN TISTA AND DIHANG IS KNOWN AS ASSAM HIMALYAS.
THE BRAHMAPUTRA IS MARKED AS EASTERN MOST BOUNDRY OF HIMALAYAS.
BEYOND THE DIHANG GORGE,HIMALAYAS BEND SHARPLY.
THESE RANGES ARE CALLED PURVANCHAL.

NORTHERN PLAINS::::THE NORTHERN PLAIN ARE COMPRISED OF 3 RIVERS CALLED:GANGA,BRAHMAPUTRA AND INDUS.
THE NORTHERN PLAIN ARE ALSO COMPRISED OF THREE SECTION,,,,
FIRST SECTION IS CALLED PUNJAB PLAIN FORMED BY INDUS AND ITS TRIBUTARIES.THIS PART OF SECTION IS DOMINATED BY DOAB KNOWN AS TWO RIVERS.
MAJULI IS THE LARGEST INHABITATED RIVERINE ISLAND.
THE NORTHERN PLAIN IS COMPRISED OF FOURS PART::::
FIRST PART IS KNOWN AS BHABAR,THE AREA WHERE THE RIVER COMING FROM HIMALAYAS DEPOSIT ALL THE PEBBLES.
FROM THE SOUTH OF BHABAR,RIVER REORIGINATES AND FORM A WET,SWAMPY PIECE OF LAND CALLED AS TERAI.
THE LARGER PART OF NORTHERN PLAIN IS FORMED OF OLD ALLUVIUM AND IS KNOWN AS BHANGAR.
THE SOIL IN THIS REGION CONTAINS THE KANKAR.
THE NEWER DEPOSIT OF FLOOD PLAINS IS CALLED AS KHADAR.

INDIA--SIZE AND LOCATION

INDIA HAS THE AREA OF 3.28 MILLION SQUARE KM.
THE TROPIC OF CANCER DIVIDED INDIA INTO TWO EQUAL HALF.23.30.
THE SOUTHERN MOST POINT OF INDIA  i.e INDIRA POINT.
INDIA ACCOUNT 2.4% OF TOTAL SUBMERGED AREA.
INDIA IS SEVENTH LARGEST COUNTRY OF THE WORLD.
INDIA HAS COAST LINE OF 7516.6 KM.
INDIA HAS THE STANDARD TIMELINE OF 82.30 PASSING THROUGH THE MIRZAPUR.
FROM THE OPENING OF SUEZ CANAL,THE DISTANCE BETWEEN INDIA AND EUROPE HAS DECREASED BY 7000 KM.
RUSSIA IS THE BIGGEST COUNTRY OF THE WORLD.
THE MAXIMUM DISTANCE BETWEEN NORTH AND SOUTH POINT IN INDIA IS 3214KM.
THE MAXIMUM DISTANCE BETWEEN EAST AND WEST IN INDIA IS 2933 KM.
BEFORE INDEPENDENCE,INDIA WAS RULED BY PROVINCE AND PRINCELY STATE,PROVINCE WERE RULED BY VICEROY AND PRINCELY STATE WAS RULED BY LOCALS.

JAGRAN JOSH--26th OCTUBER

NOTED FREEDOM FIGHTER JAGDISH SHARAN PANDE DIED.
HE HAS WORKED WITH NOTED FREEDOM FIGHTER NETAJI SHUBHASH CHANDRA BOSE IN AZAD HIND FORCE.
INTERNATION BOXING ASSOCIATION AIBA PROVISIONALY BANNED SARITA DEVI AND HER COACHES.
ASHWIKA KAPOOR HAS WON THE PRESTIGIOUS WILDSCREEN PANDA AWARD FOR HIS MOVIE "SIROOCO HOW A DUD HAS BECOME THE STUD".
THIS AWARD IS ALSO KNOWN AS GREEN OSCAR FOR WILDLIFE.
SIROOCO IS THE ONLY BIRD THAT HAS THE GOVERNMENT JOB AS THE BIRD SPOKES FOR NEW ZEALAND GOVERNMENT.
ALAN EUSTACE,HAS BROKE THE WORLD RECORD FOR HIGHEST PARACHUTE FALL.
HE IS THE GOOGLE VP.
INDIAN ORIGIN YOUNG KID SAHIL DOSHI HAS WON THE DISCOVERY YOUNG SCIENTIST AWARD.
INDIA HAS BANNED THE COSMETICS THAT HAS BEEN TESTED ON ANIMAL SKIN.
GAUTAM ROY IS THE NEW CHAIRMAN OF CHENNAI PETROLEUM CORPORATION LIMITED.
GLOBAL HANDWASH DAY IS ON 15 OCTUBER.
WORLD WATER DAY IS ON 22 MARCH.
WORLD ENVIRONMENT DAY IS ON 5 JUNE
LONDON BASED IMIMOBILE HAS ACQUIRED TXTLOCAL.
PARALYMPICS GAMES TO BE HELD IN INDIA IN FEBUARY 2015.
VICE PRESIDENT OF INDIA HAS LAUNCHED THE BOOK UNTOLD STORY OF INDIAN PSU.
THE BOOK IS AUTHORED BY U D CHAUBEY.
FINAL TEST:EXIT SACHIN TENDULKAR AUTHORED BY DILIP D SOUZA RELEASED.
UNION FINANCE MINISTRY HAS DECIDED THAT IT WILL SET THE INFLATION TARGET FOR THE RBI.
KOTAK MAHINDRA HAS LAUNCHED A FACEBOOK BASED FUND TRANSFER PLATFORM CALLED KAYKAY.
OIL MINISTRY HAS SET UP A TALUKAR COMMITTEE  TO LOOK INTO THE MATTER OF DELAY IN GAS PRODUCTION IN KG D5 BASIN IN BAY OF BENGAL.
THE REPORT WILL BE SUBMITTED AT THE END OF OCTUBER 2015.
IOC TO INVEST 4 BILLION US DOLLAR IN BRITISH COLUMBIA IN CANADA.
IT WILL HELP TO SOUCE THE LNG.

LIFE IN THE DESERTS-LADAKH

LADAKH IS THE COLD DESERT OF THE WORLD
LADAKH IS THE DESERTS THAT ARE FOUND IN THE HIMALYAN REGION.
THE DESERT IS ENCLOSED BY KARAKORAM RANGE AND ZANSKAR RANGE.
INDUS IS THE RIVER THAT IS FLOWS THROUGH THE LADAKH.
LADAKH IS ALSO KNOWN AS KHAPA CHAN.
THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY 1A CONNECT LEH WITH KASHMIR VIA ZOJILA PASS.

LIFE IN THE DESERT--SAHARA

THESE AREAS HAVE SCANTY RAINFALL,SCANTY VEGETATION AND HARSH TEMPERATURE.
SAHARA DESERTS::::
SAHARA DESERTS HAS THE AREA OF 8.54 MILLION SQUARE KM.
INDIA HAS THE AREA OF 3.24 MILLION SQUARE KM.
THE SAHARA DESERTS TOUCHES THE 11 COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD.
APART FROM SAND,THERE IS ALSO THE ELEVATED PLAINS AND PLATEAUS.
TROPIC OF CANCER LIES IN THE SAHARA DESERTS.
THE CLIMATE OF SAHARA IS VERY HOT IN THE DAY AND TEMPERATURE CAN REACH UPTO 50 DEGREE CENTRIGRADE.
ALSO THE NIGHT CAN BE VERY COLD AND TEMPERATURE CAN COME DOWN TO 0 DEGREE CENTIGRADE.
Bedouins and Tuaregs ARE THE TRIBES THAT LIVES IN THE SAHARA DESERTS.
OIL AND NATURAL GASES WERE FOUND IN THE SAHARA DESERTS.

LIFE IN GRASSLANDS

THE GRASSLANDS ARE DIVIDED INTO TWO PARTS BASED ON THE CLIMATE:

1)TROPICAL GRASSLANDS

2)TEMPERATE GRASSLANDS

THE PRAIRIES GRASSLANDS IN NORTH AMERICA IS THE TEMPERATE GRASSLAND IN THE WORLD.

ITS ACTUALLY A SEA OF GRASSES.

IT IS GENERALLY BOUND BY ROCKY MOUNTAIN IN THE WEST AND THE GREAT LAKE IN THE EAST.

THE PRAIRIES GRASSLAND HAS THE BASE IN USA AND CANADA.

IN USA,IT IS DRAINED BY MISSIPPI.

THE GRASSLAND OF PRAIRIES WERE THE HOMELAND OF AMERICAN INDIAN,,,,KNOWN AS BLACKFOOT INDIAN.

BEING LOCATED IN CONTINENTAL REGIONS,THE TEMPERATURE IS EXTREME.

20 DEGREE IN SUMMER AND -20 DEGREE IN WINTER.

DUE TO ABSENCE OF NORTH SOUTH BARRIER,A LOCAL WIND CALLED CHINOOK BLOWS HERE.

IT IS THE HOT WIND THAT BLOWS IN THE MONTH OF WINTER.

PRAIRIES ARE GENERALLY TREELESS.

THE PRAIRIES ARE ALSO KNOWN AS GRANARIES OF THE WORLD DUE TO HUGE WHEAT PRODUCTION.

THE TEMPERATE GRASSLAND IN THE SOUTH AFRICA IS KNOWN AS VELDS.

THE VELDS ARE THE PLEATEU.

THE TEMPERATURE IS MILD CLIMATE BECAUSE OF THE EFFECT OF INDIAN OCEAN

THE TEMPERATURE IS GENERALLY BETWEEN 5 DEGREE TO 10 DEGREE.

THE AGRICULTURE IS MAINLY OF MAIZE AND SHEEP REARING THE MOST COMMON THING THAT VELDS DO.

THE MOST COMMON SHEEP IS MERINO.

THE VELDS HAS RICH MINERAL RESERVE.

JOHANSBERG IS SAID TO BE THE GOLD CAPITAL OF THE WORLD.

LIFE IN GANGA-BRAHMAPUTRA BASIN

TROPICAL DECIDUOUS FOREST IS THE VEGETATION THAT IS FOUND IN THE AREAS.
PADDY IS THE CHIEF CROP THAT IS GROWN IN THE AREAS.
GANGA AND BRAHMAPUTRA RIVER MEET THE SEA IN THE BAY OF BENGAL AND THE DELTA FORMED IS CALLED AS SUNDERBAN DELTA WHICH IS THE LARGEST DELTA IN THE WORLD.
THE PLACE THROUGH GANGA GOES IS THE AREA THAT HAS MOST OF THE INDIAN DENSLY CROWDED AREA IN INDIA.

LIFE IN THE AMAZON BASIN

AMAZON IS THE RIVER THAT FLOWS IN THE SOUTH AMERICA.
THE RIVER ORIGINATE IN THE WEST AND FLOW THROUGH THE COUNTRY IN THE EAST ATLANTIC OCEAN.
THE PLACE WHERE RIVER MEETS WITH THE ANOTHER BODY OF THE OCEAN IS CALLED AS MOUTH.
AMAZON RIVER FLOWS VERY CLOSE TO THE EQUATOR.
THE AMAZON RIVER ORIGINATE FROM THE ANDES MOUNTAIN AND FLOW THROUGH THE ATLANTIC OCEAN IN THE EAST SOUTH AMERICA.
THE AMAZON RIVER BASIN IS THE WORLD LARGEST RIVER BASIN IN THE WORLD.

CLIMATE::::
THE CLIMATE IN THE AMAZON RIVER VALLEY IS VERY HOT AND HUMID AND THE TEMPERATURE IS SAME ACROSS THE YEARS.
IT IS HOT AND HUMIDITY.
RAIN IS ALMOST EVERYDAY.
AT NIGHT THE TEMPERATURE GOES DOWN  BUT THE HUMIDITY IS NOT DECREASED.
THE MAIN FOOD IS MANIOC ALSO KNOWN AS CASSAVA

HUMAN ENVIRONMENT-SETTLEMENT,TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

SETTLEMENT:SETTLEMENT IS THE PLACE WHERE PEOPLE TRY TO MAKE THEIR HABITAT.
IT CAN BE OF TWO TYPES:PERMANENT SETTLEMENT AND TEMPORARY SETTLEMENT.
THEY SETTLEMENT DEPENDS UPON THE VARIOUS FACTORS LIKE AVAILABILTY OF WATER,FOOD ETC.
TRANSHUMANCE IS THE TYPE OF SEASONAL MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER IN SEARCH OF NEW FOOD.
IN INDIA,TRANSPORTATION ON HUMAN IS DONE ON DONKEY,MULES,OAK AND CAMEL.
WHILE IN THE TIBET,YAKS ARE USED.
IN ANDES MOUNTAIN OF SOUTH AMERICA,LLAMAS ARE USED.
MANALI LEH HIGHWAY IS ONE OF THE HIGHEST HIGHWAY IN THE WORLD.
WATERWAY IS THE CHEAPEST WAY TO CARRY THE GOOD FROM ONE PART OF THE COUNTRY TO ANOTHER.
THERE CAN BE TWO TYPES OF WATERWAYS ::::
1)INLAND WATERWAYS----FOR INLAND WATERWAYS,THE RIVES AND LAKES ARE USED.
GANGA,BRAHMAPUTRA,GREAT LAKES IN NORTH AMERICA AND RIVER NILE IN THE AFRICA IS THE EXAMPLE OF INLAND WATERWAYS IN WORLD.
2)SEA ROUTES:SEA ROUTES IS THE WAY BY WHICH GOODS AND TRANSPORTATION IS DONE BY THE OCEAN ROUTES.

NATURAL VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE

NATURAL VEGETATION OF A PLACE DEPENDS UPON THE MOISTURE AND TEMPERATURE.
IT ALSO DEPENDS UPON THE THICKNESS OF SOIL AND SLOPE.
NATURAL VEGETATION IS GENERALLY CLASSIFIED INTO THREE BROAD CATEGORY:

1)FORESTS::::IT GROWS IN THE AREAS WHERE THERE IS PLENTI OF RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE TO SUPPORT IT.

2)GRASSLANDS::::IT GROWS IN THE AREA OF MODERATE RAINFALL.

3)SHRUBS::::IT GROWS IN THE AREA OF DRY REGIONS.

CONIFEROUS FORESTS ARE THOSE FOREST WHICH ARE GROWN IN THE AREA OF MOUNTAINS AND HENCE ARE ALSO CALLED AS MOUNTAIN VEGETATION.

FORESTS::::TYPES OF FOREST
1)TROPICAL EVERGREEN FORESTS::THESE ARE ALSO CALLED AS TROPICAL RAINFOREST AND ARE FOUND IN THE AREAS OF EQUATOR AND TROPICS.
THESE AREAS RECEIVE HEAVY RAINFALL.AS THE RAIN IS ALL ROUND THE SEASON,THEY DO NOT SHED THEIR LEAVES.
HARDWOOD TREES ARE GENERALLY GROWN HERE NAMELY....ROSEWOOD,EBONY AND MAHOGANY.

2)TROPICAL DECIDUOUS FORESTS::THESE FORESTS ARE FOUND IN THE AREAS OF SEASONAL RAINFALL LIKE INDIA IN THE SEASON OF MONSOON,NORTHERN  AUSTRALIA AND NORTH AMERICA.
HARDWOOD LIKE SAL,TEAK,NEEM AND SEASAM ARE THE COMMON EXAMPLE.

3)TEMPERATE EVERGREEN FORESTS::THE TEMPERATE EVERGREEN FOREST ARE FOUND IN THE LATITUDINAL COASTAL REGIONS.THEY COMPRISES OF BOTH HARD AND SOFTWOOD.
FOR EXAMPLE::::OAK,PINE AND EUCALYPTUS.

4)TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FORESTS::AS WE GO TOWARD HIGHER LATITUDES,TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST EXIST.
THEY SHED THEIR LEAVES IN THE DRY SEASONS.
IT EXIST IN EAST AND NORTH EAST.

5)MEDITERRANEAN VEGETATION::IT EXIST IN WEST AND SOUTH WEST PART OF THE CONTINENT.
THEY TEMPERATURE NEEDED IS HOT DRY WEATHER AND MILD RAINFALL.

6)CONIFEROUS VEGETATION::IT IS FOUND IN THE AREA OF HIGHER ALTITUDE AND IN INDIA,IT IS FOUND IN THE HIMALAYAS.

GRASSLANDS::::
1)TROPICAL GRASSLAND::::THEY EXTENDS ON THE EITHER SIDE OF THE EQUATOR AND EXTENDS TILL THE TROPICS.
THE VEGETATION GROWS IN THE MODERATE TO LOW AMOUNT OF VEGETATION.
SAVANNAH GRASSLAND IN THE AFRICA IS ONE OF THE SUCH GRASSLAND.
2)TEMPERATE GRASSLAND::::THE TEMPERATE GRASSLAND EXISTS IN THE MID LONGITUDNAL REGION AND THE INTERIOR OF THE CONTINENTS.
THE GRASSES ARE SHORT.
3)THRONY BUSHES::::THEY ARE FOUND IN THE DRY REGIONS OF THE WORLD.
FAMOUS GRASSLAND OF THE WORLD:
SAVANNAH-AFRICA(TROPICAL)
PAMPAS-ARGENTINA(TEMPERATE)
NORTH AMERICA-PRAIRIE
AFRICA-VELD
BRAZIL-CAMPOS
VENEZUELA-LANOS.
AUSTRALIA-DOWNS
GRASSLAND IS FOUND ALMOST IN EVERY CONTINENT IN THE WORLD EXCEPT ANTARTICA

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WATER

WATER CYCLE::::
WATER EVAPORATES FROM THE POND,SEA AND RIVER....BECOME VAPOUR AND GO INTO THE AIR AND MIX WITH AIR TO FORM MOISTURE AND IT IS CALLED AS HUMIDITY....
THIS VAPOUR MOVES UP AND GOES INTO THE COLD REGION AND CONDENSES AND FORM THE CLOUD.
WHEN THIS CLOUD IS BECOME HEAVY OR BULKY,THEN IT PRECIPITATES AND BECOME RAINFALL.
THIS IS THE CALLED WATER CYCLE AND THIS PROCESS REPEATS.

WATER PRESENT IN THE OCEAN IS SALINE AND IT CONTAINES SALT CALLED SODIUM CHLORIDE OR COMMON SALT USED FOR EATING.
DON JUAN POND IN ANTARTICA IS LAKE THAT HAS THE LARGEST SALINITY AND IT IS WORLD MOST SALINE LAKE.
DEAD SEA IS ALSO THE SALINE LAKE AND IS ISAREL.
JUNE 5 IS THE WORLD ENVIRONMENT DAY
WHILE MARCH 22 IS WORLD WATER DAY.

OCEAN CIRCULATION::::
THE OCEAN CIRCULATION IS BECAUSE OF CURRENT,WAVES AND TIDES.
WAVES::::
WHEN THE WATER IN THE OCEAN FALL AND RISE REPEATEDLY ,IT IS CALLED AS WAVES.
INDIRA POINT WHICH IS IN THE SUMATRA ISLAND GOT COMPLETELY SUBMERGED IN THE OCEAN AFTER TSUNAMI STRUCK ON 26 DECEMBER 2004.
TIDES::::THE INCREASE AND DECREASE OF  SEA LEVEL DUE TO THE COMBINED EFFECT OF GRAVITATIONAL FORCE EXERTED BY  MOON,SUN AND ROTATION OF EARTH SURFACE.
THE WATER OF THE EARTH CLOSER TO THE MOON HAS MOST OF THE FORCE AND HENCE THERE IS STRONG TIDE.
ON THE NEW MOON DAY,AND FULL MOON DAY THE FORCE EXERTED BY THE ALL THE THREE ARE MAXIMUM AND HENCE,MAXIMUM TIDES OCCUR ON FULL MOON DAY AND NEW MOON DAY.
THESE TIDES ARE CALLED SPRING TIDE.
BUT WHEN MOON IS IN THE FIRST AND THE LAST QUARTER,THE FORCE EXERTED BY MOON,SUN AND THE OCEAN MAKES THE DIAGONALLY OPPOSITE TO THE DIRECTION AND HENCE IT IS CALLED NEAP TIDE.
GENERALLY TIDES COMES ARE OF TWO TYPES:::::
HIGH TIDES AND LOW TIDES.THESE TWO TYPE OF TIDES GENERALLY COMES TWISE IN THE DAY.BUT IT IS NOT THE SURE SHOT FORMULA.
BEACAUSE,BEHAVIOUR OF THE TIDE IS VERY IRREGULAR.
HIGH TIDES HELP IN NAVIGATION.
ALSO HIGH TIDES HELP IN THE MOVING THE SHIP TO THE SHORE.
ALSO THE HIGH TIDES HELP IN CATCHING THE FISH.

OCEAN CURRENT::::
OCEAN CURREN IS THE STREAM OF WATER FLOWING CONSTANTLY ON THE OCEAN SURFACE.
THE OCEAN CURRENT CAN BE WARM OR COLD.
WARM OCEAN CURRENT START FROM THE EQUATOR AND MOVE TOWARD THE TROPICAL.
WHILE THE COLD OCEAN CURRENT START FROM THE POLAR AREA AND MOVE TOWARD THE EQUATOR.
GULF CURRENT IS THE HOT OCEAN CURRENT AND EQUADOR CURRENT IS THE COLD OCEAN CURRRENT.

AIR

ATMOSPHERE IS MADE UP OF NITROGEN(78%) AND OXYGEN(21%) IN MAJOR.
OTHER GASES THAT INCLUDE IS THE HELIUM.HYDROGEN,ARGON,OZONE,CARBON DI OXIDE.
ARGON IS THE THIRD MAJOR GASES THAT IS FOUND IN THE ATMOSPHERE.
CARBON DI OXIDE IS THE GREEN HOUSE GASES.

STRUCTURE OF ATMOSPHERE::::
THERE ARE FIVE LAYER OF ATMOSPHERE WHICH ARE
1)TROPOSPHERE
2)STRATOS[HERE
3)MESOSPHERE
4)THERMOSPHERE
5)EXOSPHERE
TROPOSPHERE::::AVERAGE HEIGHT IS 13 KM
ALL THE AIR WE BREATHE,EXIST HERE.
AND ALL THE NATURAL PHENOMENON THAT OCCUR IS FROM HERE.
LIKE RAINFALL,HAILSTORM,
STRATOSPHERE::::THIS LAYER GOES TILL 50 KM.
THIS LAYER IS FREE FROM CLOUDS AND ITS RELATED ACTIVITY.
THIS LAYER IS MOST IDEAL FOR FLYING AIRPLANES.
THIS LAYER ALSO CONTAINS OZONE LAYER.
MESOSPHRE::::THIS LAYER IS THE THIRD LAYER OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND IT EXTENDS TILL THE 80 KM.
THIS LAYER IS THE LAYER WHERE METEROITES ENTER IN THE ATMOSPHERE FROM SPACE AND ARE BURNT HERE.
THERMOSPHERE:::::THIS IS THE FOUTH LAYER OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND IT EXTENDS FROM 80-400 KM.
THIS IS THE VERY HOT LAYER .
THIS LAYER IS USED FOR RADIO TRANSMISSION.
THIS IS THE LAYER FROM WHERE THE RADIO WAVES ARE REFLECTED BACK TO THE EARTH WHICH WERE SENT FROM THE EARTH.
EXOSPHERE::::THIS IS THE TOP MOST LAYER OF ATMOSPHERE.


TEMPERATURE:::::
TEMPERATURE OF A PLACE IS DETERMINED BY INSOLATION.
INSOLATION IS THE AMOUNT OF HEAT THAT IS INTERCEPTED IN EARTH BY SUN.
THE INSOLATION IS HIGHEST AT THE EQUATOR AND IT DECREASES AS WE GO TOWARD THE POLE.
THE TEMPERATURE IS MEASURED IN CELCIUS AND IT  WAS INVENTED BY ANDER CELCIUS.

AIR PRESSURE::::
THE PRESSURE EXCERTED BY THE WEIGHT OF THE AIR IS CALLED AS AIR PRESSURE.
THE AIR PRESSURE DECREASES WITH HEIGHT AND HENCE MAXIMUM AIR PRESSURE IS ON THE SEA LEVEL AND IT DECREASES RAPIDLY.
HORIZONTALLY,AIR PRESSURE IS DEPENDENT ON TEMPERATURE
HORIZONTALLY,ON THE PLACES WHERE THERE IS HIGH TEMPERATURE,THE AIR PRESSURE IS LOW AND WHERE THERE IS COLD,THE AIR PRESSURE IS VERY HIGH.

WINDS::::
WINDS BLOW FROM HIGH PRESSURE TO LOW PRESSURE.
THERE ARE VARIOUS TYPES OF WINDS::::
1)PERMANENT WINDS::::THESE ARE THE WINDS THAT BLOWS PERMANENTLY THROUGHOUT THE YEAR AND BLOW IN A PARTICULAR DIRECTION.
FOR EXAMPLE::::TRADE WINDS,EASTERLIES,WESTERLIES.
2)SEASONAL WINDS::::THESE WIND BLOW IN THE PARTICULAR SEASON AND ARE DEPENDENT ON THE SEASONS.
THE EXAMPLE OF THE SEASONAL WINDS ARE MONSOONS.
LOCAL WINDS::::THESE WIND BLOW FOR SMALL PERIOD OF THE YEAR AND THEY BLOW IN A PARTICULAR REGIONS.
THE EXAMPLE ARE LOO.

MOISTURE:::::WHEN THE WATER EVAPORATES FROM THE WATER BODIES,IT BECOME WATER VAPOUR.
WHEN THEY MIX UP WITH THE AIR,IT IS CALLED MOISTURE. OR HUMIDITY.
WHEN THE AIR IS FULL OF WATER VAPOUR,WE CALL IT A HUMID DAY.
WHEN THE WATER VAPOUR RISES,IT START COOLING.
THE VAPOUR CONDENSES AND FORM AN DROPLET.WHEN THE DROPLET IS VERY HIGH IN BULK SIZE,IT IS CALLED AS CLOUD.
WHEN THESE WATER DROPLET IS TOO HEAVY,IT PRECIPITATES AND WATER COMES DOWN TO THE EARTH IN FORM OF RAINFALL.

OUR CHANGING EARTH

THE LITHOSPHERIC PLATE ARE BUILT UP OF NUMBER OF BROKEN PLATES AND THEY MOVE SLOWLY INSIDE THE EARTH.
THE MOVEMENT OF THESE PLATES CAUSES CHANGES IN THE EARTH SURFACE.
THE FORCES WHICH ACT INSIDE THE EARTH SURFACE ARE CALLED ENDOGENIC FORCES AND THE FORCES THAT ACT ON THE EARTH SURFACE ARE CALLED EXOGENIC FORCES.
THE EXAMPLE OF ENDOGENIC FORCES ARE EARTHQUAKE AND VOLCANO.
WHILE THE EXAMPLE OF EXOGENIC FORCES ARE EROSION.
A VOLCANO IS THE VENT OR THE OPENING THAT CAUSES MOLTEN MATERIAL ERUPT EASILY AND SUDDENLY.
SIMILARLY,WHEN THE LITHOSPHERIC PLATES MOVE,THEY CAUSES SUDDEN CHANGES IN THE EARTH SURFACE AND IT GIVE WAY TO EARTHQUAKE.
THE PLACE INSIDE THE EARTH SURFACE WHERE MOVEMENT STARTS IS CALLED FOCUS AND THE POINT WHERE EARTHQUAKE OCCUR IS CALLED EPICENTER AND THE VIBRATION ON THE EARTH SURFACE MOVES AWAY IN FORM OF WAVES ON THE EARTH SURFACE.
THE PLACE WHERE THE MAJOR DESTRUCTION TAKES PLACE IS AT EPICENTER .
THE FOCUS IS AT THE CRUST.
WE CANNOT PREDICT EARTHQUAKE BUT WE CAN ANALYSIS IT BY BEHAVIOUR OF ANIMAL,FISH GETS AGITATED AND SNAKE COMES ON THE SURFACE.
EARTHQUAKE IS MEASURED BY THE MACHINE CALLED SEISMOGRAPH AND UNIT IS RIECTARE SCALE.


MAJOR LAND FORMS::::
THE EARTHSURFACE IS REGULARY TORN AWAY BY TWO FACTOR
1)WEATHERING::::IT IS BREAKING UP OF ROCK IN EARTHSURFACE.
2)EROSION::::IT IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH WINDS AND WATER TAKES AWAY THE MATERIAL AND MAKE THE DEPOSITION OF THESE MATERIAL AT A PLACE.

WORK OF A RIVER::::WHEN RIVER FLOW,IT CARRY THE ERODED MATERIAL WITH IT AND DEPOSIT IT.
WHEN THE RIVER AT THE STEEP ANGLE AND FALL,IT FORMS WATERFALL.
THE RIVER WHEN ENTER THE PLAINS,IT FORMS THE TWIST AND TURNS AND FORM A LARGE BENDS CALLED MEANDERS.
DUE TO LARGE EROSION AND DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENTS ALONG THE SIDES OF MEANDERS,THE RIVERS COMES CLOSER AND CLOSER AND HENCE THEY JOIN AND FORM AN OXBOW LAKE.
AT THE TIMES THE RIVER OVERFLOW THE BANKS AND RESULTS IN FLOOD.
THE RAISED BANKS ARE CALLED LEEVES.
AS THE RIVERS APPROACHES THE SEA,THE SPEED OF RIVER BECOME VERY SLOW AND EACH RIVER FORM IT OWN DISTRIBUTORY.
THE SPEED OF RIVER BECOME SO LESS,THAT IT STARTS TO DEPOSIT ITS SEDIMENTS AND FORMS IN DELTA.
SUNDERBAN DELTA IN THE WEST BENGAL IS THE DELTA FORMED WHEN THE RIVER GANGA AND THE RIVER BRAHMAPUTRA MEET THE SEA POPULARLY KNOWN  AS BAY OF BENGAL.

WORK OF SEA WAVES::::
SEA WAVES CONTINUOSLY STRIKE THE COASTAL ROCK.
DUE TO CONTINUOUS FRICTION THE SEA ROCK BECOME HOLLOW AND HOLLOW .
AND A CAVE IS DEVLOPED WHICH IS CALLED SEA CAVE
AS THESE CAVITY BECOME BIGGER AND BIGGER,ONLY THE ROOF OF SEA CAVES EXIST.
THIS IS CALLED SEA ARCHES.
FURTHER EROSION BREAK THE ROOF AND ONLY WALL EXIST.
THIS IS CALLED STACKS.
AND IS CALLED SEA CLIFF.

WORK OF ICE::::
GLACIER WHICH IS THE RIVER OF ICE,ALSO ERODE THE LANDSCAPE BY WHICH IT BULLDOZED THE SOIL AND STONE MAKING THE EXPOSURE OF SOLID ROCK BELOW.
GLACIER CARVE OUT HOLLOW.
AS THE ICE MELTS,THE  HOLLOW SPACE GETS FILLED UP AND HENCE BEAUTIFUL LAKES ARE FORMED.
THE DEPOSITS CARRIED BY GLACIER ARE CALLED GLACIER MORAINS.

WORK OF WINDS::::
MUSROOM ROCK ARE FOUND IN THE DESERT AREA BECOME THEY ARE STEEP ALONG THE EDGES AND BRODER AT THE TOP.
THESE ARE BECAUSE OF BLOWING OF WIND IN THE DESERT REGION.
THE SAND DUNES ARE ALSO FOUND WHICH ARE NOTHING BUT THE LOOK A LIKE STRUCTURE OF HILL WHICH ARE FORMED BY SAND.
WHEN THE GRAIN OF SAND ARE VERY SMALL AND LIGHT,THEY ARE CARRIED TO A LARGE DISTANCE AND ARE GET DEPOSITED CALLED LOESS.

INSIDE OUR EARTH

THE EARTH INTERIOR CAN BE IMAGINED AS LAYER OF ONION.
DEEPEST MINE IN THE WORLD IS IN SOUTH AFRICA .
IT IS 4KM DEEP.
TO REACH AT THE CENTER OF THE EARTH WE HAVE TO DIG ABOUT 6000 KM.
THE UPPERMOST LAYER OF THE EARTH IS CALLED CRUST.
IT IS ABOUT 35 KM FROM THE CONTINENTAL PLACE AND ABOUT 5 KM FROM THE OCEAN LEVEL.
THE MAIN MINERAL CONSTITUENT OF CONTINENTAL PLACE IS ALUMINIUM AND SILICA AND HENCE CALLED SIAL.
THE OCEANIC CRUST IS MAINLY CONSTITUTE OF SILICA AND MAGNESIUM  AND HENCE CALLED SIMA.
JUST BENEATH THE CRUST,MANTLE EXISTS AND IT GOES DOWN TO 2900 KM BELOW THE CRUST.
THE INNERMOST LAYER IS CALLED CORE WITH THE RADIUS OF 3500KM.
IT MAINLY CONSTITUTE NICKLE AND IRON AND HENCE CALLED NIFE.
THE CENTRAL CORE HAS HIGH PRESSURE AND HIGH TEMPERATURE.
THE RADIUS OF EARTH IS CALLED  6371 KM.
ROCK AND MINERAL:::::
THE EARTH CRUST CONSIST OF VARIOUS TYPES OF ROCK.
THE ROCK ARE CLASSIFIED AS:
SEDIMENTRY ROCK
METAMORPHIC ROCK
IGNEOUS ROCK

IGNEOUS ROCK::::
WHEN THE MOLTEN MAGMA COOL's UP ,IT FORM ROCK AND THAT ROCK IS CALLED AS IGNEOUS ROCK.
IGNEOUS ROCK IS ALSO CALLED AS PRIMARY ROCK.
THE IGNEOUS ROCK IS ALSO CALLED AS PRIMARY ROCK.
THERE ARE TWO TYPE OF IGNEOUS ROCK
1)INTRUSIVE ROCK::::SOMETIMES SOLID MAGMA COOL's DOWN IN THE EARTH CRUST AND THE ROCK SO FORMED IS CALLED AS INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCK AND THEY DON't HAVE GRAINED AND THEY HAVE LARGE GRAINS.
GRANITE IS THE BEST EXAMPLE OF INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCK.
2)EXTRUSIVE ROCK::::WHEN THE MOLTEN MAGMA COMES OUT OF EARTH SURFACE AND COOL's UP RAPIDLY,THE ROCK SO FORMED IS CALLED AS EXTRUSIVE ROCK.
THEY ARE HAVING A FINED GRAINED ROCK AND BASALT IS THE BEST EXAMPLE.
DECCAN PLEATEU IS MADE UP OF BASALT.

SEDIMENTRY ROCK::::
ROCK ROLL's DOWN,CUT DOWN AND ARE FORMED INTO SMALL PIECES.
THEY ARE TRANSPORTED BY WIND AND WATER.
FOR EXAMPLE::::SANDSTONE IS MADE UP OF GRAINS OF SANDS.
THESE ROCK MAY CONTAIN THE FOSSIL OF LIVING BEING THAT LIVED ONCE UPON THEM.
SEDIMENTRY ROCK MAY ALSO CONTAIN FOSSIL FUEL.

METAMORPHIC ROCK::::THE SEDIMENTRY ROCK OR IGNEOUS ROCK IS CONVERTED INTO METAMORPHIC ROCK UNDER HUGE PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE.
FOR EXAMPLE:CLAY CHANGES INTO SLATE AND LIMESTONE CHANGES INTO THE MARBLE.

ROCK CYCLE::::ROCK CYCLE IS A TIME IN WHICH THE ROCK IS FORMED.
FOR EXAMPLE HOT MAGMA COOL UP TO FORM A IGNEOUS ROCK AND WHEN IGNEOUS ROCK IS BROKEN INTO SMALL PIECES OR SEDIMENTS,THEY ARE CONVERTED INTO SEDIMENTRY ROCK AND WHEN THE SEDIMENTRY OR IGNEOUS ROCK ARE SUBJECTED INTO HUGE PRESSURE AND HEAT,THEY ARE CALLED AS METAMORPHIC ROCK.
THE SEDIMENTRY CAN BE MADE INTO THE MOLTEN MAGMA UNDER SOME CONDITIONA AND WHEN THEY COOL UP,THEY ARE FORMED INTO THE IGNEOUS ROCK.

RED FORT IS MADE OF RED SANDSTONE AND 
TAJ MAHAL IS MADE OF WHITE MARBLE.

ENVIRONMENT

ENVIRONMENT IS THE PLACE WHERE WE LIVE.
IT CAN BE LIVING OR NON LIVING.
IT CAN BE NATURAL OR ARTIFICIAL i.e HUMAN MADE.
THE NATURAL CAN BE FURTHER CLASSIFIED AS::::
ABIOTIC:THE WORLD OF NON LIVING SYSTEM.EXAMPLE:LAND
BIOTIC:THE WORLD OF LIVING SYSTEM.EXAMPLE:PLANT AND ANIMAL.
ENVIRONMENT CAN BE LITHOSPHERE,ATMOSPHERE,HYDROSPHERE AND BIOSPHERE.
THE THIN LAYER OF AIR SURROUNDING THE EARTH SURFACE IS CALLED ATMOSPHERE.
THE GRAVIATIONAL FORCE OF EARTH HOLD THE ATMOSPHERE AROUND IT.
IT PROTECT US FROM HARMFUL RAYS FROM THE SUN.
JUNE 5 IS THE WORLD ENVIRONMENT DAY.
BIOSPHERE IS THE NARROW ZONE IN WHICH AIR,WATER AND LAND INTERACT.

INDIA-CLIMATE,VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE

CLIMATE::::
IN INDIA,THERE ARE BROADLY FOUR SEASONS,,,,
1)COLD
2)HOT
3)SOUTH WEST MONSOON
4)RETREATING MONSOON(AUTUMN)
DURING THE WINTER SEASON,DRY COLD WIND BLOWS ACROSS THE COUNTRY.
DURING HOT WEATHER SEASON,HOT AND DRY WIND BLOW KNOWN AS LOO.
DURING MONSOON,WIND BLOWS FROM ARABIAN SEA AND BAY OF BENGAL TOWARD THE LAND,THESE WIND CARRY MOISTURE.
WHEN THESE WIND STRIKE THE MOUNTAIN BARRIER,RAINFALL OCCURS.
DURING THE RETREATING MONSOON,THE WIND BLOW BACK TO BAY OF BENGAL.
IT IS FOR THIS REASON,THAT SOME PART OF TAMIL NADU AND ANDHRA PRADESH,RECEIVE RAINFALL DURING SEPTEMBER,OCTUBER AND NOVEMBER..

THE CLIMATE OF INDIA IS CONSIDERED AS MONSOON TYPE.

THE CLIMATE OF A REGION IS DEPENDENT UPON VARIOUS FACTOR SUCH AS ALTITUDE,RELIEF,DISTANCE FROM THE SEA AND LOCATION.
MAWSYNRAM IS THE WORLD WETTEST PLACE THAT RECEIVE THE HIGHEST RAINFALL IN THE WORLD.

VEGETATION::::
THERE ARE VARIOUS TYPE OF VEGETATION FOUND IN INDIA WHICH ARE CLASSIFIED AS
1)TROPICAL EVERGREEN FOREST
2)TROPICAL DECIDUOUS FOREST
3)MOUNTAIN FOREST
4)THORNY BUSHES
5)MANGROVE FOREST
TROPICAL RAINFOREST ARE FOUND IN HEAVY RAINFALL REGION.
THEY ARE SO DENSE THAT SUNLIGHT DOES NOT REACH THE FOREST.
IMPORTANT TREES FOUND IN THAT PLACE ARE MAHOGANY,EBONY AND ROSEWOOD.
THEY ARE FOUND IN ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR AND WESTERN GHATS.

TROPICAL DECIDUOUS FOREST:THEY ARE FOUND IN MAJOR PART OF THE INDIA AND THEY ARE ALSO CALLED AS MONSOON FOREST.
PEEPAL,NEEM AND SEESHAM ARE THE MAJOR TREES FOUND IN THESE REGION.
THEY MAJORLY OCCUR IN ORISSA,UTTAR PRADESH,MADHYA PRADESH,BIHAR AND OTHER MIDDLE REGION OF INDIA.

MOUNTAIN FOREST ARE FOUND IN THE MOUNTAIN REGION.
TREES ARE MOSTLY CONICAL IN SHAPE AND HENCE CALLED CONFEROUS TREES.

THORNY BUSHES ARE FOUND IN THE DESERT REGION.
FOUND IN RAJASTHAN,PUNJAB,GUJRAT AND EASTERN SLOPE OF WESTERN GHATS.

MANGROVE FOREST ARE FOUND IN THE SALINE WATER AND ARE FOUND IN COASTAL REGION.
THEY ARE FOUND IN ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLAND AND WEST BENGAL.

SUNDARI IS THE IMPORTANT TREE OF THIS TYPE OF VEGETATION THAT ARE FOUND IN SUNDARBAN AFTER WHICH ITS NAME IS KEPT
SUNDARBAN IN THE DELTA WHICH IS LARGEST IN THE WORLD AND IS FORMED WHERE GANGA AND BRAHMAPUTRA IS RECEIVE BY BAY OF BENGAL.

OUR COUNTRY----INDIA

INDIA HAS THE AREA OF 3.28 KILOMETER.
THE DISTANCE BETWEEN KASHMIR AND KANYAKUMARI IS 3200 KILOMETER.
AND THE DISTANCE BETWEEN ARUNACHAL PRADESH AND KUTTCH OF GUJRAT IS 2900 KILOMETER.
LOCATIONAL SETTING::::
INDIA LIES IN NORTHERN HEMISPHERE.AND EASTERN HEMISPHERE.
INDIA HAS LONGITUDE EXTENT OF 29 DEGREE AND HENCE THERE IS A GREAT TIME DIFFERENCE.
THERE IS A DIFFERENCE OF 2 HOURS BETWEEN EAST AND THE WEST.

INDIA NEIGHBOURS::::
INDIA HAS 7 NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES.
SRILANKA AND MALDIVES ARE THE ISLAND NEIGHBOUR OF INDIA IN THE SOUTH.
INDIA AND SRI LANKA ARE SEPERATED BY A SMALL WATER BODY CALLED PALK STRAIT.
INDIA HAS 29 STATES WITH TELANGANA AS THE NEW ADDED AND HAVE 7 UNION TERRITORY.
RAJASTHAN IS THE BIGGEST STATE OF INDIA AND GOA BEING THE SMALLEST.
HIMALAYAN  MOUNTAIN RANGE ARE  DIVIDED INTO THREE MAIN MOUNTAIN RANGE.
THOSE ARE HIMADRI,HIMACHAL AND SHIWALIK.
THE NORTHMOST IS GREAT HIMALAYA OR HIMADRI.
MIDDLE HIMALAYA OR HIMACHAL LIES IN SOUTH OF HIMADRI.
THE SHIWALIK IS SOUTHMOST RANGE.
ONE OF THE WORLD's TOP RANGE LIES IN GREAT HIMALAYA OR HIMADRI,
NORTH INDIAN  PLAIN ARE FORMED BY RIVERS LIKE GANGA,BRAHMAPUTRA AND INDUS.
TO THE SOUTH OF NORTHERN PLAIN LIES THE PENNINSULAR PLAIN.
IT IS IN THE SHAPE OF TRIANGLE.
ARAWALI,SATPURA AND VINDHYAS ARE THE IMPORTANT MOUNTAIN RANGES.
NARMADA AND TAPI IS THE WEST FLOWING RIVERS.
WESTERN GHATS ARE CONTINOUS WHILE EASTERN GHATS ARE UNEVEN AND BROKEN.
MAHNADI,GODAVARI,KRISHNA AND KAVERI ARE THE EAST FLOWING RIVERS.
THE WORLD LARGEST DELTA,SUNDERBAN DELTA IS FORMED WHERE GANGA AND BRAHMAPUTRA MEETS THE BAY OF BENGAL.
SUNDERBAN DELTA IS IN THE TRIANGULAR SHAPE.

MAJOR LANDFORM OF THE EARTH

THE EARTH IS RUGGED OR FLAT AT SOME PLACES.

THERE ARE TWO REASONS FOR THAT::::

THIS IS BECAUSE OF THE INTERNAL PROCESS THAT IS TAKING PLACE INSIDE THE EARTH AS A RESULT OF WHICH UPLIFTMENT OR SINKING OF THE EARTH SURFACE TAKES PLACE.

THE SECOND IS THE CONTINUOUS WEARING DOWN OR EROSION THAT TAKES PLACE.

IT CAN BE SOIL EROSION.

DEPENDING ON THE ELEVATION AND SLOPE:::::

THERE ARE THREE TYPE OF LANDFORM PRESENT::::

MOUNTAINS,PLATEAU, AND PLAINS.

MOUNTAINS:::::

A MOUNTAIN IS THE NATURAL ELEVATION OF THE EARTH SURFACE.

THERE ARE SOME MOUNTAINS THAT HAVE PERMANENTLY FROZEN RIVERS OF ICE.THIS IS CALLED GLACIERS.

MOUNTAIN ARRAINGED IN THE LINE IS CALLED RANGE.

HIMALAYA IN ASIA,ANDES IN SOUTH AMERICA AND ALPS IN EUROPE IS THE MOUNTAIN RANGES.

THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF MOUNTAINS::::FOLD MOUNTAINS,BLOCK MOUNTAINS AND VOLCANIS MOUNTAINS.

FOLD MOUNTAIN:::::FOLD MOUNTAIN ARE THE EFFECT OF FOLDING OF LAYER BY THE UPPER PART OF EARTH CRUST.

THE FOLD MOUNTAINS ARE HAVING HIGH CONICAL PEAK.

EXAMPLE:HIMALAYA,ALPS,ARAVALI,URAL IN RUSSIA.

BLOCK MOUNTAIN ARE FORMED BECAUSE OF VERTICAL FRACTURE THAT THE LOOK LIKE MOUNTAIN.

RHINE VALLEY AND VOSGUS MOUNTAIN ARE THE EXAMPLE OF BLOCK MOUNTAIN.

VOLCANIC MOUNTAIN ARE FORMED DUE TO THE VOLCANIC ACTIVITY IN EARTH.

Mt KILLIMANJARO IN AFRICA AND Mt FUJIYAMA IN JAPAN ARE THE EXAMPLE OF VOLCANIC MOUNTAIN.

MOUNTAIN ARE THE STOREHOUSE OF WATER AS MANY RIVER ORIGINATE FROM THE MOUNTAINS.

PLATEAU:::::
PLATEAU IS THE FLAT LAND THAT HAS MORE HEIGHT THAN THE SEA LEVEL.
A PLATEAU MAY HAVE ONE OR MORE STEEP SLOPE.
DECCAN PLATEU IS ONE OF THE OLDEST PLATEAU IN INDIA.
THE TIBET PLATEAU IS THE HIGHEST PLATEAU IN THE WORLD WITH THE HEIGHT OF 4000 TO 6000 METERS ABOVE THE SEA LEVEL.
THE PLATEAU ARE RICH IN MINERAL.
THE CHHOTANAGPUR PLATEAU IN INDIA IS RICH IN IRON,COAL AND MAGNESE.
THERE ARE SEVERAL WATERFALL IN THE PLATEAU SUCH AS HUNDRU FALL IN CHHOTANAGPUR PLATEAU ON THE RIVER SUBARNREKHA,JOG FALL IN KARNATAKA.
PLAIN::::
PLAIN ARE THE LARGE LAND STRETCHES. 
MOST OF THE PLAIN ARE MADE BY RIVER AND THEIR TRIBUTARIES.
MOST OF THE LIFE EXIST IN THE PLAIN.
PLAIN ARE THE MOST FERTILE PLACE IN THE WORLD AND HENCE ARE DENSLY POPULATED.

LONGEST AND LARGEST RIVER

THE MAJOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LARGEST AND LONGEST RIVER IS THIS THAT LONGEST RIVER IS IN TERM OF LENGTH AND
LARGEST RIVER IS IN TERM OF WATER CONTAINED.

RIVER NILE IS THE LONGEST RIVER OF THE WORLD.
IT LIES IN AFRICA.
THE LENGTH OF THIS RIVER IS 6695 KM
IT ORIGINTE FROM BURUNDI AND TERMINATES IN MEDITERRAIN SEA.

THE LARGEST RIVES IN THIS WORLD IS AMAZON.
ITS LENGTH IS 6400 KM.
IT ORIGINATE IN SOUTH AMERICA.
AND IT IS THE SECOND LARGEST RIVER IN WORLD.

THE SHORTEST RIVER IS IN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
THE NAME IS D RIVER.
IT IS JUST 37 METER LONG.

HYDROSPHERE

THE EARTH IS CALLED BLUE PLANET.
THERE IS 71% WATER AVAILABLE ON THIS PLANET.
AND ONLY 21% OF LAND IS PRESENT.
THE HYDROSPHERE COMPRISES OF GLACIAR,OCEAN,RIVERS,POND,LAKES AND ALL THE WATER BODIES ETC.
MORE THAN 97% OF THE HYDROSPHERE COMPRISES OF OCEAN WATER AND THAT ARE NOT FOR USE BEACAUSE IT's TOO SALINE.
OCEANS::::
OCEAN WATER ARE ALWAYS MOVING.
THE THREE MOVEMENT OF OCEAN ARE TIDE,WAVES AND THE CURRENT.
THERE ARE FIVE OCEAN IN THE WORLD WHICH ARE PACIFIC OCEAN,ATLANTIC OCEAN,INDIAN OCEAN,ARCTIC OCEAN AND ANTARTIC OCEAN, AND THEY ARE IN THEIR SIZE.

PACIFIC OCEAN::::
PACIFIC OCEAN IS THE LARGEST OCEAN OF THE WORLD.
IT COVER ABOUT 1/3 rd AREA OF THE WORLD.
THE MARIANA TRENCH,THE WORLD DEEPEST POINT IN THE WORLD IS IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN.
THE CONTINENT THAT ARE TOUCHING THE WAVES OF PACIFIC OCEAN ARE AUSTRALIA,ASIA NORTH AMERICA AND THE SOUTH AMERICA.

ATLANTIC OCEAN::::
IT IS THE OCEAN WHICH IS IN S SHAPED.
THE ATLANTIC OCEAN TOUCHES THE NORTH AMERICA,SOUTH AMERICA AFRICA AND EUROPE.

INDIAN OCEAN::::
INDIAN OCEAN IS THE ONLY OCEAN IN THE WORLD THAT IS NAMED AFTER THE COUNTRY.
THE INDIAN OCEAN IS IN S SHAPED.
THE OCEAN TOUCHES THE ASIA,AUSTRALIA,AFRICA.

ARCTIC OCEAN::::
ARCTIC OCEAN IS THE OCEAN THAT TOUCHES THE EUROPE.
THE OCEAN TOUCHES THE PACIFIC OCEAN BY A STRAIT CALLED BERRING STRAIT.


BIOSPHERE:::::
BIOSPHERE IS THE NARROW ZONE WHERE LIFE EXISTS AND IT IS THE BEST PLACE TO LIVE IN.
IMPORTANT::::MORE EMISSION OF C02 WILL LEAD TO GLOBAL WARMING.

MAJOR DOMAIN OF EARTH

FOR THE LIFE TO SUSTAIN,WE NEED THREE THINGS:
1)AIR
2)WATER
3)LAND
EARTH IS THE ONLY PLANET WHERE ALL THE THREE COMPONENT ARE AVAILABLE AND HENCE IT MAKE THE LIFE TO SUSTAIN HERE.
THE SOLID PORTION ON WHICH WE LIVE IS CALLED LITHOSPHERE.
THE WATER WE NEED FOR OUR LIVES IS CALLED HYDROSPHERE.
AND THE AIR,WE BREATHE IS CALLED ATMOSPHERE.
BIOSPHERE IS THE NARROW ZONE WHERE ALL THE THREE BASIC COMPONENT TO LIVE A LIFE IS FOUND AND ALSO THE LIFE EXIST.
ALL THE OCEAN IN THE EARTH ARE INTERCONNECTED.

LITHOSPHERE

LITHOSPHERE::::
THERE ARE VARIOUS LANDMASSES THAT ARE NOT CONNECTED WITH EACH OTHER.LIKE AUSTRALIA,IT IS NOT CONNECTED WITH ANY OTHER LANDMASS.

THERE ARE SEVEN CONTINENT ON THIS PLANET THAT ARE DIVIDED BY OCEAN.
THESE ARE ASIA,EUROPE,SOUTH AMERICA,NORTH AMERICA ,AFRICA,ANTARTICA AND AUSTRALIA.

ASIA::::
ASIA IS THE LARGEST CONTINENT OF THIS EARTH AND HAS ABOUT 1/3 OF THE TOTAL AREA OF THE WORLD.
ASIA LIES IN THE EASTERN HEMISPHERE.
THE TROPIC OF CANCER PASSES THROUGH THE ASIA.
ALSO TROPIC OF CANCER ALSO PASSES THROUGH INDIA.
ASIA IS SEPERATED FROM EUROPE BY URAL MOUNTAINS AND THE AREA TOGETHER OF ASIA AND EUROPE IS CALLED EURASIA.
THE ASIA AND AFRICA IS SEPERATED BY ISTHUMUS OF SUEZ.
THIS LIES BETWEEN RED SEA AND MEDITERRIAN SEA.

EUROPE::::
EUROPE IS MUCH SMALLER THAN ASIA AND IS SURROUNDED BY WATER BODIES FROM THE THREE SIDES.
THE ARCTIC CIRCLE PASSES THROUGH THE EUROPE.
IT IS BOUNDED BY WATER BODIES FROM THE THREE SIDES.
THE OCEAN SURRONDING IT ATLANTIC AND ARCTIC OCEAN.

AFRICA::::
AFRICA IS THE SECOND LARGEST CONTINENT IN THE WORLD.
IT IS THE ONLY CONTINENT FROM WHERE ALL THE THREE IMAGINERY LATITUDE PASSES,TROPIC OF CANCER,TROPIC OF CAPRICORN,AND EQUATOR.
THE WORLD LARGEST HOT DESERT,SAHARA IS IN AFRICA.
THE WORLD LARGEST RIVER,NILE ALSO FLOWS THROUGH AFRICA.


NORTH AMERICA::::NORTH AMERICA IS THE THIRD LARGEST CONTINENT IN THE WORLD.
IT IS LINKED BY SOUTH AMERICA BY A VERY THICK STRIPE OF LAND CALLED ISTHUMAS OF PANAMA.
IT IS SURROUNDED BY THREE OCEAN NAMELY:ATLANTIC,PACIFIC AND ARCTIC OCEAN.

SOUTH AMERICA::::
SOUTH AMERICA IS THE CONTINENT THAT IS ALSO SURROUNDED BY THREE OCEAN NAMLY PACIFIC IN THE WEST,ATLANTIC IN THE EAST AND ANTARTIC OCEAN IN THE SOUTH.
THE WORLD LONGEST MOUNTAIN RANGE IS ALSO IN THE SOUTH AMERICA
WHICH IS ANDES MOUNTAIN RANGE.
THE WORLD LARGEST RIVER:AMAZON IS ALSO IN SOUTH AMERICA.

AUSTRALIA::::
AUSTRALIA IS THE SMALLEST CONTINENT IN THE WORLD.
IT IS SURROUNDED BY OCEAN FROM ALL SIDES.
IT IS ALSO CALLED ISLAND CONTINENT.

ANTARTICA:::::
IT IS ALSO THE LARGE CONTINENT.
IT's AREA IS GREATER THAN COMBINED AREA OF EUROPE AND AUSTRALIA.
IT IS ALWAYS COVERED WITH ICE.
SOUTH POLE EXIST's IN THE ANTARTICA.
IT IS STILL UNDISCOVERED AND MANY COUNTRIES HAVE MADE THE DISCOVERY OF THIS CONTINENT GOING ON.
INDIA HAS ALSO OPENED THE DISCOVERING STATION HERE WITH THE NAME MAITRI AND DAKSHIN GANGOTRI.

MOTION OF THE EARTH

THERE ARE TWO TYPE OF MOTION THE EARTH PERFORMS.
ONE IS ROTATION AND OTHER IS REVOLUTION.
ROTATION IS AROUND THE AXIS AND REVOULTION IS AROUND THE FIXED PATH THAT EARTH COVER AROUND THE SUN.
THE AXIS OF EARTH WHICH IS AN IMAGINERY LINE MAKES AN ANGLE OF 66 1/2 DEGREE WITH THE ORBITAL PLANE.
DUE TO THE SPEHERICAL SHAPE,HALF OF THE EARTH REMAIN IN DAYTIME AND HALF OF THE EARTH REMAINS NIGHT.
THE CIRCLE THAT DIVIDE THE DAY AND THE NIGHT IS CALLED CIRCLE OF ILLUMINATION.
THE EARTH TAKES ABOUT ONE DAY TO ROTATE ON ITS AXIS.

EARTH TAKES 365 1/4 DAYS TO REVOLVE AROUND THE SUN.
HAVING  SAID THAT WE COUNT THIS 1/4 i.e 6 HOURS AS IGNORED AND AFTER FOUR YEAR IT HEAP UP TO ONE DAY AND HENCE THERE IS EXTRA DAY IN FEBUARY AND THAT YEAR IS CALLED LEAP YEAR.
INDIA LIES IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE AND NOT IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE.
TROPIC OF CANCER LIES IN THE INDIA.
TROPIC OF CAPRICORN DOES NOT LIES IN INDIA.
ON 21st JUNE,NORTHERN HEMISPHERE IS FACING TOWARD THE SUN AND THE AREA IN NORTHERN HEMISPHERE IS HOT.
ON 21st JUNE,TROPIC OF CANCER  REGION IS HOT.
ACROSS THE YEAR,THE RAYS OF SUN IN THE POLE REGION IS SLANTING AND HENCE THEY ARE COLD.
THE LONGEST DAY AND SHORTEST NIGHT IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE IS ON 21st JUNE.
AT THIS TIME,THE CONDITION IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE IS JUST REVERSED.
THIS POSITION OF EARTH IS CALLED SUMMER SOLISTICS.

ON 22nd DECEMBER,THE TROPIC OF CAPRICORN RECEIVE THE DIRECT SUN LIGHT.
THESE AREA IN SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE ARE HOTTEST IN THIS TIME.
THIS POSITION OF EARTH IS CALLED WINTER SOLITICS.

ON 21 MARCH AND 23 SEPTEMBER,EQUATOR RECEIVE THE DIRECT SUN LIGHT.
THE WHOLE EARTH HAVE EQUAL DAY AND EQUAL NIGHT.
THIS IS CALLED EQUINOX.
ON 23rd SEPTEBER,AUTUMN IS IN NORTHERN HEMISPHERE AND SPRING IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHER.
SIMILARLY,ON 21st MARCH,SPRING IS IN NORTHERN HEMISPHERE AND AUTUMN IS IN NORTHERN HEMISPHERE.

HOW TO MEASURE TIME USING GREENWICH

THE LINE PASSING THROUGH GREENWICH IS CALLED PRIME MERIDIAN.
THE EARTH ROTATES AT WEST TO EAST.
SO PLACES EAST OF GREENWICH WILL BE AHEAD IN TIME FROM THAT OF GREENWICH AND THE PLACES WEST OF GREENWICH WILL BE BEHIND THE TIME THAT OF GREENWICH.
EARTH ROTATES AT 360 DEGREE IN 24 HOURS 
i.e 15 DEGREE IN 1 HOUR
AND 1 DEGREE EVERY 4 MINUTES.
SO WHEN GREENWICH HAS 12 NOON,THE PLACE 15 DEGREE EAST WILL BE 15X4=60 MINUTE AHEAD OF GREENWICH THAT IS THE PLACE 15 DEGREE EAST WILL BE 1 HOUR AHEAD AND THE TIME WILL BE 1PM.
SIMILARLY,THE PLACES 15 DEGREE WEST WILL HAVE TIME AS 11AM.
SO BY THIS TECHNIQUE,THE PLACES AT 180 DEGREE EAST OF GREENWICH WILL HAVE 180X4=720 MINUTE AHEAD i.e 12 HOUR AHEAD i.e AT THAT PLACE THE TIME WILL BE 12 AT THE NIGHT.

GLOBE LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE

THE IMAGINERY LINE THAT PASSES THROUGH THE MIDDLE OF THE GLOBE IS CALLED EQUATOR.
THE EQUATOR DIVIDE THE EARTH INTO THE TWO EQUAL HALVES.
THE NORTHERN PART IS CALLED NORTHERN HEMISPHERE AND SOUTHERN PART IS CALLED SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE.
EQUATOR REPRESENT ZERO DEGREE ANGLE LATITUDE.
THE DISTANCE OF EQUATOR TO EITHER OF THE POLE IS 1/4 OF THE DISTANCE.
90 DEGREE NORTH LATITUDE MARKS THE NORTH POLE AND 90 DEGREE SOUTH LATITUDE MARKS THE SOUTH POLE.
ALL PARALLEL SOUTH LINES ARE CALLED SOUTH LATITUDES.
AND ALL PARALLEL NORTH LINES ARE CALLED NORTH LATITUDES.
AS WE MOVE AWAY FROM THE EQUATOR ,SIZE OF THE LATITUDES DECREASES.
TROPIC OF CANCER:23 1/2 NORTH
TROPIC OF CAPRICORN:23 1/2 SOUTH
ARCTIC CIRCLE:66 1/2 NORTH
ANTARTIC CIRCLE 66 1/2 SOUTH
THE AREA BOUNDED BY ARCTIC CIRCLE AND TROPIC OF CANCER AND THE AREA BOUNDED BY ANTARTIC CIRCLE AND TROPIC OF CAPRICORN HAVE MODERATE TEMPERATURE AND CALLED TEMPERATE ZONES.
THE AREA BETWEEN ARCTIC ZONE AND NORTH POLE AND ALSO THE AREA BOUNDED BY ANTARTIC ZONE AND SOUTH POLE ARE VERY VERY COLD AND ARE CALLED FRIGID ZONE.
THE AREA IS VERY VERY COLD BECAUSE SUN ALWAYS HAVE SLANTING RAYS AND NEVER BEHEAD THE RAYS.
LATITUDE ARE USED TO MEASURE THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE TWO POINT PRECISELY.
AS LATITUDE ARE OF DIFFERENT LENGTH,LONGEST AT EQUATOR AND SHORTEST TOWARDS THE POLE,LONGITUDE ARE OF SAME DISTANCE AND THERE ARE NO COUNT RELATED TO LONGITUDE.
LONGITUDE ARE MEASURED AS DEGREE AND DEGREES DECREASES TOWARD THE POLE.
AND IT BECAME ZERO AT THE POLES  WHERE ALL THE MERIDIAN MEETS.
AS THERE ARE NO IDEA ABOUT NUMBER OF MERIDIAN,SO ALL COUNTRIES DECIDED THAT THEY WOULD MEASURE FROM THE POINT WHERE MERIDIAN STARTS.
AND MERIDIAN STARTS AT GREENWICH,WHERE BRITISH ROYAL OBSERVATORY IS LOCATED.
THIS MERIDIAN IS CALLED PRIME MERIDIAN.
THE MERIDIAN OR LONGITUDE RUNS FROM NORTH TO SOUTH BUT MEASURES FROM EAST TO WEST.
THE PRIME MERIDIAN DIVIDE THE WHOLE WORLD INTO TWO HALVES.
LATITUDE ARE GENERALLY GIVEN THE STANDARD TERM N AND S.
LONGITUDE ARE GENERALLY  GIVEN THE TERM AS E AND W.
IT IS THE FACT THAT 180 DEGREE EAST AND 180 DEGREE WEST MERIDIAN ARE ON THE SAME LINE.

THE BEST MEANS OF MEASURING TIME IS BY THE MOVEMENT OF SUN,EARTH AND PLANET.
WHEN SUN AT THE GREENWICH IS AT THE HIGHEST POINT,THE LOCATION AT THE GREENWICH IS MID NOON.
AS EARTH ROTATES FROM WEST TO EAST,THE PLACES EAST OF GREENWICH IS AHEAD OF GREENWICH TIME AND THE PLACES WEST OF GREENWICH WILL BE BEHIND THE TIME.
THERE IS DIFFERENCE OF 1 HOUR AND 45 MINUTES BETWEEN DWARKA IN GUJRAT AND DIBRUGARH IN ASSAM.
THE LONGITUDE AT 82 1/2 DEGREE EAST IS TREATED AS LOCAL TIME OF INDIA AND THE TIME IS TREATED AS THE TIME OF THE OUR GREAT COUNTRY INDIA.
IT IS KNOWN AS INDIAN STANDARD TIME.
INDIA IS LOCATED AT 82 1/2 EAST OF GREENWICH,SO WHEN AT THE GREENWICH THE TIME IS 12 NOON,THE TIME IN INDIA IS 5:30 AT THE EVENING.
IN RUSSIA,THERE ARE AS MANY AS 11 STANDARD TIME.
THE EARTH IS DIVIDED IN 24 TIME ZONE,EACH OF ONE HOUR AND THUS EACH COVER 15 DEGREE OF LONGITUDE.

THE EARTH IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM

OM NAMAH SHIVAY
NEW MOON NIGHT  IS CALLED AMAVASYA.
SUN,MOON AND ALL THE SHINING OBJECT SEEN IN THE SKY IS CALLED CELESTIAL BODIES.
THE CELESTIAL BODIES ARE MADE UP OF GASES.
THEY HAVE HEAT AND LIGHT OF THEIR OWN.
DURING NIGHT VARIOUS PATTERN OF STARS ARE SEEN,THESE ARE CALLED  CONSTELLATION.
URSA MAJOR OR BIG BEAR IS ONE OF THE SUCH CONSETELLATION.
ONE OF THE EASILY SEEN COSTELLATION IS SMALL BEAR OR SAPTRISHI.
SAPTARISHI IS THE GROUP OF SEVEN STARS.
SMALL BEAR TAKES PART IN THE FORMATION OF BIG BEAR.
STARS WERE USED TO DETERMINE THE DIRECTION IN OLDER TIMES.
NORTH STARS INDICATE THE NORTH DIRECTION CALLED POLE STAR.
PLANET DO NOT HAVE THEIR OWN HEAT AND LIGHT AND ARE LIT BY LIGHT OF STARS.
THE NEAREST STAR FROM EARTH IS SUN.
EARTH GETS ITS HEAT AND LIGHT FROM SUN.
JUPITAR,SATURN AND URANUS ARE THE THREE PLANET THAT HAVE RINGS AROUNG THEM.
EARTH:
ONE ORBIT AROUND SUN-365 DAYS.
ONE ORBIT AROUND AXIS-1 DAYS.
NUMBER OF MOONS-1
MARS:NUMBER OF MOONS-2
ONE ORBIT AROUND SUN-687 DAYS.

THE SUN IS ABOUT 150 MILLION KM AWAY FROM THE EARTH.
VENUS IS CALLED EARTHS TWIN.
EARTH IS FIFTH LARGEST PLANET IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM.
EARTH SHAPE IS CALLED GEIOD.
IT IS CALLED GRIOD BECAUSE OF FLATTENED NEAR THE POLES.
FROM OUTER SURFACE,EARTH APPEARS AS BLUE AND HENCE CALLED BLUE PLANET.
MOON IS THE NATURAL SATELLITE OF THE EARTH.
IT IS 384400 KM AWAY FROM THE EARTH.
MOON MOVES AROUND THE EARTH IN ABOUT 27 DAYS.
NEIL ARMSTRONG WAS THE FIRST MAN TO LAND ON SUN.
HE DID SO ON 29 JULY 1969.

THE ASTERIODS ARE FOUND BETWEEN MARS AND JUPITAR.
THE LARGEST ASTERIOD IS CERES.

14th OCTUBER--JAGRAN JOSH

59th RAILWAY AWARD ARE DISTRIBUTED.
HARISH KUMAR IS AWARDED AS NATIONAL RAIL AWARD.
HE WAS ASSOCIATED WITH PIRPANJAL TUNNEL.
THE INFLATION STATICS ARE PRESENTED BY  MINISTRY OF STATISTICS AND PROGRAMMAE IMPLEMENTATION.
GLOBAL HUNGER INDEX HAS BEEN REVEALED BY INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE.
GLOBAL HUNGER INDEX IS CALCULATED FOR THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
INDIA IS AT THE 55th POSTION AND MAURITIOUS HAS TOPPED THE LIST.
BURUNDI IS ALARMING COUNTRY ACCORDING TO THE REPORT AND IS AT THE 76TH POSITION.
ASIA PACIFIC EXCELLENCE AWARD HAS BEEN GIVEN TO ABHAY K.
THE AWARD IS GIVEN BY ALL INDIA NATIONAL UNITY COUNCIL.
ABHAY K HAS PENNED EARTH ANTHEM AND HAS ALSO WRITTEN THE SAARC ANTHEM.
KHALID BAHAH IS THE NEW PRIME MINISTER OF YEMEN.
BRITISH LAWMAKER HAS VOTED IN FAVOUR OF MAKING PALESTINE AS THE INDEPENDENT STATE.
274 MP HAS VOTED IN FAVOUR AND 12 HAS VOTED AGAINST IT.
MARY KOM HAS BEEN VOTED AS MOST VALUABLE INDIA PLAYER IN INCHECON ASIAN GAMES.
THE POLL WAS CONDUCTED BY SAMSUNG AND AS A RESULT MARY KOM HAS RECEIVED 10 LAKHS RUPEES.
RUSSIAN GRAND PRIX HAS BEEN WON BY HAMILTON.
AJAY JAYRAM HAS WON THE DUTCH GRAND PRIX BADMINTON TOURNAMENT.
HE IS THE FIRST INDIAN PLAYER TO WIN A TOURNAMENT IN THE 11X5 SCORING SYSTEM.
BANGONG MP KAPIL KRISHA THAKUR DIED BECAUSE OF LUNG FAILURE.
LYRICIST SAMEER HAS WON THE NATIONAL KISHORE KUMAR AWARD.

PIRPANJAL TUNNEL

PIRPANJAL TUNNEL IS THE 11.125KM RAILWAY TUNNEL.
THE TUNNEL IS IN THE MIDDLE OF HIMALYAS.
THE TUNNEL PASSES THROUGH PIRPANJAL RANGES.
THE CONSTRUCTION IS DONE BY IRCON AND HCC.
HARISH KUMAR HAS PLAYED AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE CONSTRUCTION.
HARISH KUMAR HAS GOT THE NATIONAL RAILWAY AWARD IN THE 59th RAILWAY AWARDS HELD IN BANGALORE.
RAILWAY MINISTER SADANAND GOWDA HAS GIVEN THE AWARD.

MINAMATA CONVENTION ON MERCURY

INDIA HAS SIGNED THE MINAMATA CONVENTION ON MERCURY.
THE TREATY HAS BEEN BECAUSE TO REDUCE THE CONSUMPTION OF MERCURY.
MERCURY IS VERY INJURIOUS TO HEALTH.
THE MINAMATA IS THE CITY THAT IS BASED IN JAPAN.
140 COUNTRIES ACROSS THE WORLD HAS SIGNED ON THE TREATY.
THE PRIME MOTIVE BEHIND THIS TREATY IS TO MINIMISE THE HARMFUL EFFECT ON HUMAN HEALTH FROM MERCURY.
IN KODAIKANA,INDIA HINDUSTAN UNILEVER HAS TO SHUT DOWN ITS FACTORY OF THARMOMETER AFTER THERE WAS LARGE EMISSION OF MERCURY IN THE ENVIRONMENT.

JP MORGAN

JOHN PIERPONT MORGAN WAS THE FOUNDER OF JP MORGAN GROUP.
HE WAS A FINANCER,BANKER,PHILANTHRIPIST AND ART COLLECTOR.
HE HAS PLAYED KEY ROLE IN MERGER OF THOMSON GENERAL ELECTRIC AND THOMPSON HOUSTON ELECTRIC COMPANY TO FORM AN GENERAL ELECTRIC.
GENERAL ELECTRIC IS THE BIGGEST FIRM ALL OVER THE WORLD.
THE UNITED NATION STEEL FEDERATION HAS BEEN ALSO SETUP BY J P MORGAN.

13th OCTUBER

JP MORGAN HAS PROJECTED THAT INDIA GROWTH WILL BE 5.1%.
IT STATED EARLIER THAT THE GROWTH WILL BE 5.3%.
FRENCH ECONOMIST JEAN TIROLE HAS WON THE NOBLE OF ECONOMICS.
HE HAS DONE A GREAT WORK FOR ANALYSIS OF MARKET POWER AND REGULATION.
INDIA WILL HOST THE FIRST LEG OF ASIA CUP ARCHERY TOURNAMENT.
THE TOURNAMENT WILL BE HELD IN DELHI AND IT WILL REPLACE THE ASIAN GP.
INDIA HAS SIGNED THE MINAMATA CONVENTION ON MERCURY.
AMAZON AND FUTURE HAS SIGNED A DEAL THAT WILL SELL THE FUTURE GROUP FASHION PRODUCT ONLINE ON AMAZON.in PLATFORM.
NASA HAS SUCCESSFULLY STORED ITS FIRST EARTH OBSERVING INSTRUMENT CALLED ISS-RAPIDSCAT IN INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION.
IT WILL HELP IN CLIMATE RESEARCH AND WEATHER PREDICTION.
FORTUNE HAS RELEASED THE LIST OF 50 MOST POWERFUL PERSON IN THE WORLD.
THE LIST IS TOPPER BY UBER's FOUNDER TRAVIS KALANICK.
ITALY 39 YEAR PRIME MINISTER MATTEO RENZI IS AT THE PLACE OF 3rd IN THE LIST.
TURKEY HAS ALLOWED THE UNITED STATES TO USE ITS AIR BASE AT INCLIRIK TO FIGHT AGAINST ISIS.
PRESIDENT OF SYRIS IS BASHAR AL ASAD.
POWERFUL TYPHOON VONGHONG HAS STRUCK JAPAN.
SRI LANKA PRESIDENT HAS FLAGGED OFF THE YAL DEVI EXPRESS THAT WILL GO TO COLOMBO TO PALAI AND IT WILL BE FURTHER EXTENDED TO JAFFANA.
THE RAILWAY RECONSTRUCTION WORK HAS MADE BY INDIAN COMPANY----IRCON.
INDIAN EMBASSY IN KUWAIT HAS SIMPLIFIED THE VISA PROCEDURE FOR KUWAIT.

PASMINA PROMOTION PROGRAMMAE

PASMINA PROMOTION PROGRAMMAE HAS BEEN LAUNCHED BY UNION MINISTER SANTOSH SINGH GANGWAR.
THE OBJECTIVE OF THE PROGRAMME IS TO MAKE THE PRODUCTION OF PASHMINA WOOL TO 65 TONNES DURING THE 12TH FIVE YEAR PROGRAMMAE.
UNDER THE MAJOR STEP,ESTABLISHMENT OF PASHMINA DEHRING PLANT IN THE LEH.
PASMINA IS THE SPECIAL WOOL THAT IS MADE FROM THE BREED OF THE GOAT CALLED CHANGTHANG.

HINDUJA GROUP

HINDUJA GROUP OWNED VARIOUS COMPANY IN INDIA AND HAS BEEN LISTED BELOW:
ASHOK LEYLAND
GULF OIL
INDUSIND BANK
BRITISH METAL CORPORATION LIMITED.
THE COMPANY HAS HANDS IN AUTOMOTIVE,TRADING,BANKING,BPO,MEDIA,OIL POWER AND MANY MORE.
ALSO THE HINDUJA GROUP WAS INVOLVED IN VARIOUS SCAM,ONE INCLUDE----BOFORS SCAM.

SANSAD ADARSH GRAM YOJANA

PRADHAN MANTRI OF BHARAT HAS LAUNCHED THE SANSAD GRAM ADARSH YOJANA THAT WAS LAUNCHED ON THE OCCASION OF BIRTH ANNIVERSARY OF JAY PRAKASH NARAYAN.
THE SCHEME WILL BE TOTALLY UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT.
UNDER THE SCHEME EACH MP HAS TO OWE THE RESPONSIBILTIY TO TAKE THREE VILLAGES UNDER HIS SUPERVISION AND HAS TO MAKE IT FULLY DEVELOPED TILL 2O19.
IT ALSO STATES THAT ONE WILL BE DEVLOPED TILL 2016.

MAITHRAYEE INTERNATIONAL PROFESSORSHIP YOJANA

MAITHRAYEE PROFESSORSHIP YOJANA WAS LAUNCHED IN NEW DELHI.
IT WILL BE HANDLED BY MINISTRY OF BIO TECHNOLOGY AND MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY.
UNDER THIS SCHEME,THERE WILL BE INVITATION TO 12 GUEST PROFESSOR FROM ACROSS THE WORLD.
THEY WILL GIVE THE LECTURE AT VARIOUS INSTITUTE AND THE LECTURE WILL BE MADE AVAILABLE IN VIDEO FOR REST OF THE NATION.
THE NAME CAME FROM THE SAINT IN THE MYTHOLOGY NAMED YAJNAVALKYA,THAT HAD TWO WIVES AND WHEN HE WAS GOING FOR THE FOREST,HE DISTRIBUTED THE WEALTH AMONG THE TWO WIVES,AND THE TWO WIVES NAME WERE MATRAIYEE AND KATYANAYEE.
MATRAYEE REFUSED TO TAKE THE WEALTH AND HAS SAID THAT HER HUSBAND MUST TEACH HER THE WAY TO ATTAIN THE KNOWLEGE.

SUBRATO CUP

SUBRATO CUP  WAS  FOUNDED BY SUBRATO MUKHERJEE.
THE FIRST TOURNAMENT WAS HELD IN 1960.
THE TOURNAMENT IS CONDUCTED BY AIR FORCE AND MINISTRY OF SPORTS AND YOUTH AFFAIRS.
GOVERNMENT GIRLS SCHOOL,HARYANA WAS THE WINNER OF 55th SUBRATO CUP 2014.

JAGRAN JOSH--11th OCTUBER 2014

BOMBAY HIGH COURT HAS RULED IN FAVOUR OF VODAFONE FOR THE PENALTY OF 3200 CRORE.
KARNATAKA GOVERNMENT HAS PROHIBITED THE STRIKE FOR BOSCH COMPANY IN BANGALORE.
GOVERNMENT GIRLS SCHOOL HISAR HAS WON THE U17 SUBRATO CUP FOOTBALL.
THIS WAS THE 55th SUBRATO CUP.
THIRD INTERNATIONAL DAY OF GIRL CHILD WAS CELEBRATED ACROSS THE WORLD ON 11 OCTUBER.
THE THEME WAS EMPOWERING THE ADOLSCENT GIRLS,ENDING THE CYCLE OF VIOLENCE.
UNION GOVERNMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY HAS LAUNCHED THE MAITHRAYEE YOJANA OF PROFESSORSHIP.
WIEN CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE OF NEW YORK HAS DISCOVED A TECHNIQUE BY WHICH WE CAN SEE THE MOVEMENT OF HIV VIRUS.
INDIA AND UNITED KINGDOM HAS LAUNCHED THE UK-INDIA FINANCIAL PROGRAMMAE THAT WILL BE MADE TO STRNGHTN THE BUISNESS TIES BETWEEN INDIA AND UNITED KINGDOM.
THE DECISION WAS TAKEN AT SEVENTH INDIA AND UK FINANCIAL DIALOGUE AT NEW DELHI.
MINISTRY OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT HAS MADE A 17 MEMBER COMMITTEE THAT WILL GIVE THE REPORT OF DECONGESTING THE ROADS AT NEW DELHI.
THE COMMITTEE HAS BEEN SAID TO SUBMIT THE REPORT BY FIRST WEEK OF NOVEMBER WITH THE PROPER ACTION PLAN.
THE MONTH LONG RITUAL AKASHDEEP HAS BEEN STARTED IN VARANASI FOR PAYING THE TRIBUTE TO THE SOLDIER OF INDIA WHO HAS LAID THEIR LIFE FOR THE MOTHERLAND OF INDIA.
EVERY YEAR IN THE MONTH OF KARTHIK,THIS HONOUR IS GIVEN TO THE SOLDIERS.
GUJRAT GOVERNMENT HAS LAUNCHED THE SPECIAL PURPOSE VEHICLE FOR PROMOTING THE VADODRA AS CULTURAL CAPTITAL OF GUJRAT.
ALSO A VADFEST WILL TAKE PLACE FOR PROMOTING THE GUJRAT.
MINISTRY OF HEALTH HAS LAUNCHED THE NATIONAL MENTAL HEALTH POLICY.
THE  LAUNCHED WAS MADE AT THE NATIONAL MENTAL HEALTH DAY WHICH WAS CELEBRATED ON 10th OCTUBER.
WORLD BANK HAS LAUNCHED THE GLOBAL INFRASTRUCTURE FACILTIY .
IT WILL ALLOW THE CHANNELIZE INVESTMENT FOR THE DEVELOPING NATION.
THIS WILL ALSO MAKE THE FUNDS TO BE USED PROPERLY.
KUNDU COMMITTED HAS SUBMITTED THE REPORT SETUP FOR EVALUATING THE POST JUSTICE RAJINDER SACCHAR REPORT.
THE KUNDU COMMITTEE WAS HEADED BY AMITABH KUNDU AND HE HAS SUBMITTED THE REPORT TO MINORITY AFFAIR MINISTED NAJMA HEPTULLAH.
AAMIR KHAN HAS BEEN APPOINTED BY UNICEF GOOD WILL AMBASSADOR FOR SOUTH ASIA.
ITALIAN COURT HAS CLEARED THE CHARGES FROM THE CEO OF FIMMECANICA.
THE CHARGES WERE RELATED TO CHOPPER SCAM.
GIUSEPPE ORSI AND BRUNO SPAGNOLINI WAS THE CEO.
HOWEVER,THEY HAVE BEEN SENTENCED FOR TWO YEAR IN JAIL BY COURT STATING THAT THEY HAVE  USED FALSE INVOICE IN THEIR FAVOUR.
A BOOK NAMED A MAN AND A MOTORCYCLE HAS BEEN LAUNCHED BY HAMID KARZAI.
THE BOOK HAS BEEN WRITTEN BY BEETE DAM AND HAS BEEN ON HAMID KARZAI.
THE BOOK IS ON FORMER AFGANISTAN PRESIDENT HAMID KARZAI.
THE NEW PRESIDENT IS ASHRAF GHANI.
SWEDISH COMPANY ERICSSON HAS MADE A DEAL WITH THE AIRTEL FOR 4G OR LTE SERVICES IN INDIA.
UNITES STATES DEPARTMENT OF DEFENCE HAS APPROVED THE TWO TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TO INDIA.
CIPLA SIGNED COLLABORTATION PACT WITH TEVA FOR SELLING OF DRUGS TO SOUTH AFRICA.
TEVA IS THE PHARMA FIRM FROM ISAREL.
FRENCH AUTHOR PATRIK MODIANO HAS WON THE NOBEL FOR LITERATURE.
KALPANA MORPARIA HAS BEEN THE FIRST WOMEN DIRECTOR OF HINDUSTAN UNILEVER.
MORPARIA HAS BEEN SERVING AS CEO OF J P MORGAN INDIA.
LEELA SAMSON HAS RESIGNED AS CHAIRMAN OF SANGEET NATYA AKADEMY.
HUDHUD HAS COME TO INDIA.
IT IS THE CYCLONE AND HAS GOT THE NAME FROM HOOPOE BIRD,THAT HAS BEEN FOUND IN AFRO-EURASIA AND THE NAME HAS BEEN SUGGESTED BY OMAN.
DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL POLICY AND PROMOTION HAS SETUP A TEAM THAT HAS BEEN LOOK INTO THE FAST PROPOSAL OF JAPAN INVESTMENT IN INDIA.
THE TEAM NAME IS JAPAN PLUS.
WORLD POST HAS BEEN OBSERVED ACROSS THE WORLD ON 9TH OCTUBER.
UNION GOVERNMENT HAS BEEN PREPARED TO SELL THE LED BULB AT THE COST OF RUPEE 10.
ITS MARKET PRICE IS 400 RUPEE.
MINISTRY OF NEW AND RENEWABLE HAS SIGNED A MEMORANDOM WITH VARIOUS COMPANY IN INDIA FOR SETTING UP THE FIRST OFFSHORE WIND PROJECT IN  GUJRAT.
GULF OIL AND LUBRICANT HAS TIED UP WITH MAHINDRA FOR SUPPLYING LUBRICANTS.
THE LUBRICANT WILL BE MADE FOR MAHINDRA TRACTORS.
THE NAME OF THE LUBRICANT WILL BE MAHINDRA M STAR SUPER.
GULF OIL IS THE COMPANY OWNED BY HINDUJA GROUP .
OCEAN HEALTH SCORECARD HAS BEEN RELEASED.
THE OVERALL NUMBER BEEN GIVEN TO THE OCEAN INCLUDE 67/100.
RAILWAY REVENUE EARNING HAS BEEN UP BY 12% IN THE APRIL-SEPTEMBER 2014
THE EARNING WAS 73404 CRORE.
THE EARNING FROM THE GOODS HAS BEEN 48772 CRORE AND FROM THE PASSENGERS WERE 21079.
PRATIMA DHARM HAS BEEN APPOINTED AS FIRST HINDU PRIEST AT GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY.

JAGRAN JOSH 8th OCTUBER

OLYMPIC CHAMPION MICHAEL PHELPS HAS BEEN BANNED FOR 5 YEARS.
HE IS THE MOST NUMBER OF OLYMPIC GOLD MEDAL BEARER IN THE HISTORY.
HE HAS WON 22 MEDALS AND OUT OF WHICH 18 ARE GOLDS.
HP WILL BE SPLITED UNDER TWO PARTS.
HP INC AND HEWALLET PACKARD ENTERPRISES.
RAHUL KESHAV PATWARDHAN IS THE NEW CEO OF NIIT.
UNION GOVERNMENT HAS LAUNCHED THE SWACHTA UDYAMI YOJANA,THAT HAS THE TAGLINE SWACHTA SE SAMPANATA KI AUR.
THE SCHEME WAS LAUNCHED BY MINISTER OF SOCIAL JUSTICE AND EMPOWERMENT SUDARSHAN BHAGAT.
ANBANG INSURANCE GROUP HAS AQUIRED THE WALDORF ASTORIA HOTEL OWNED BY FAMOUS HOTEL CHAIN FIRM HILTON.
UNITED KINGDOM AND IRELAND INKED A SINGLE VISA DEAL.
IT ALLOW THE PERSON TO GO IN ANY OF THE COUNTRY AND HAVE A SINGLE PERMIT TO STAY IN ANY OF THE TWO COUNTRIES.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ALLOWED GAY MARRIAGE IN FIVE MORE STATES IN UNITED STATES.
NOW THE TOTAL NUMBER OF STATES WHERE THE GAY MARRIAGE IS ALLOWED IS 30.
Massachusetts  IS THE FIRST STATE IN UNITED STATES TO ALLOW GAY MARRIAGE.

JAGRAN JOSH--6th OCTUBER

PAKISTAN HAS HIGHEST NUMBER OF POLIO CASES IN THE YEAR 2014 ACROSS THE WORLD.
SAIYID HAMID IS THE ONE TO BE CONFERRED WITH SIR ROSS MASOOD LIFETIME ACHIEVEMENT AWARD FOR THE YEAR 2014.
SHE IS THE CHANCELLOR OF JAMIA HAMDARD UNIVERSITY.
SHE WAS ALSO THE VICE CHANCELLOR OF ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY.
UNITED STATES LIFTED THE 40 YEARS BAN ON VIETNAM FOR ARMS SUPPLY.
THE BAN WAS PUT BY UNITED STATES IN THE  YEAR 1975 AFTER THE VIETNAM WAR.
JOHN-O-KEEFE,MAY-BRIT MOSER AND EDWARD-I-MOSER IS THE NAME FOR THE NOBLE PRIZE FOR 2014.
THESE SELECTION ARE MADE IN THE FIELD OF MEDICINE OR PHSYCOLOGY.
WORLD FIRST WOMB TRANSPLANT BABY BORN IN SWEDEN.
TS GENCO AND BHEL SIGNED A DEAL FOR POWER IMPROVEMENT IN TELANGANA.
THE BOTH WILL ESTABLISHED A PLANT IN KHAMMAM AND KARIMNAGAR FOR THE POWER GENERATION PROJECT.
THE AIM WOULD BE TO GENERATE A POWER OF 6000 MW IN STATE.
THE ELECTRICITY WILL BE PRODUCED BY IMPORTING COAL.
EUROPEON UNION HAS CLEARED THE DEAL OF WHATSAPP AND FACEBOOK STATING THAT THE DEAL WOULD NOT HURT THE COMPETITION.
OHIO UNIVERSITY HAS DEVELOPED WORLD FIRST RECHARGABLE SOLAR BATTERY.
THIS BATTERY IS COMPOSED OF 3 ELECTRODE IN PLACE OF 4 ELECTRODE.
JAPAN BASED COMPANY SUMITOMO HAS ACQUIRED THE CARZONRENT INDIA FOR 2000 CRORE.
BOTH THE COMPANY HAS BUISNESS IN CABS PROVIDER.
SUMITOMO IS THE JAPAN LARGEST CAB PROVIDER.
CHENNAI SUPERKING HAS WON THE CHAMPIONS LEAGUE.
FINAL WAS PLAYED IN CHINNASWAMY STADIUM,BENGALURU.
PAWAN NEGI WAS THE MAN OF THE MATCH.
SURESH RAINA WAS THE MAN OF THE SERIES AND WINNER OF GOLDER BAT.
SUNIL NARAIN WAS THE WINNER OF GOLDER BALL.
RAJASTHAN STARTED THE FIRST OLIVE OIL REFINERY IN LUNKARUNSER AREA IN BIKANER DISTRICT.
THE OLIVE OIL PREPARED WOULD COME IN THE PACKING OF RAJ OLIVE OIL.
RAJASTHAN IS ONE OF THE HIGHEST OLIVE OIL PRODUCER IN THE COUNTRY.
WORLD ANIMAL DAY OBSERVED GLOBALLY ON 4 OCTUBER.
PRIME MINISTER CONNECTED WHOLE COUNTRY ON ALL INDIA RADIO WITH THE PROGRAMMAE CALLED MANN KI BAAT.
FIRST TIME IN THE HISTORY UNITED STATES PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT HAD THE CONVERSATION WITH THE COUNTRYMEN TO FOR WORLD WAR II.

INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS

FORMED ON 28th DECEMBER 1885.
FOUNDED BY A.O HUME.
THE PARTY WAS FORMED AT GOKULDAS TEJPAL SANSKRIT COLLEGE IN MUMBAI WITH 72 CANDIDATES PRESENT.
HUME WAS MADE GENERAL SECRETARY AND WC BANERJEE WAS ELECTED AS PRESIDENT.
WILLIAM WEDDERBURN AND JUSTICE JOHN JARDINE WAS ALSO THE FOUNDER MEMBER AMONG OF INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS WHO WERE BRITISHER.
ALL OTHER MEMBER WERE MOSTLY HINDUS AND WERE FROM MADRAS AND MIMBAI PRESIDENCY COLLEGE.
BY 1907,INC WAS DIVIDED INTO GARAM DAL LED BY BAL GANGADHAR TILAK AND NARAM DAL LED BY GOPAL KRISHNA GOKHALE.
THE TWO NEW PARTY HAS MADE THE INDEPENDECE MOVEMENT STILL TILL WORLD WAR 1.
THE NARAM DAL WAS WITH BRITISH AND GARAM DAL WAS ALWAYS AGAINST BRITISH GOVERNMENT AND HAS PROMOTED SWARAJ.
POLITICAL GURU OF MAHATMA GHANDHI--GOPAL KRISHNA GOKHLE.
FIRST WOMEN PRESIDENT OF INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS--ANNIE BEASENT.
FIRST MUSLIM TO BE PRESIDENT OF INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS--BADDRUDDIN TAYAABJI.
DURING THE VICEROY PERIOD OF LORD DUFFERIN,INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS WAS FORMED.
SIR SYED AHMAD KHAN AND MAULANA ABUL KALAM AZAD WAS THE ONLY TWO MEMBER IN THE GROUP OF 70 MEMBER TO BE IN INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS MEETING.
SIR SYED AHMAD WAS THE FOUNDER MEMBER OF ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY.

LORD CURZON(1899-1905)

CURZON ARRIVAL IN INDIA MARKED WITH THE MOST DANGEROUS FAMINE IN INDIA.
IN THE FAMINE ALMOST,6 MILLION PEOPLE DIED BUT EXACT NUMBER CAN BE AROUND 9 CRORE.
CURZON DID NOT HELP THE FAMINE SUFFERED PEOPLE AS IT WAS SAID THAT IF CROWNS WOULD BECOME GENEROUS TOWARD THEM,THEN THE PEOPLE MIGHT BE EXTRA DEPENDENT ON THE CROWNS FOR HELP.
ALSO CURZON HAD THE DARE TO SEPERATE OR PARTITION THE BENGAL IN 1905.
THE MAIN PARTITION WAS WITH BENGALI HINDU AND BENGALI MUSLIM.
HOWEVER IN 1911,THE DECISION WAS TAKEN ABACK AND BENGAL WAS MADE UNITED.
THE TWO BENGAL FORMED WERE BENGAL AND OTHER WAS EAST BENGAL AND ASSAM WITH CAPITAL DHAKA.

ALSO,CURZON SHOWED A GREAT INTEREST IN RESTORATION OF TAJ MAHAL.
HE ALSO HAS SHOWN A GREAT INTEREST IN CHANGING THE EDUCATION SYSTEM IN INDIA.
HE CALLED A CONFERENCE IN SHIMLA FOR CHANGING THE EDUCATION SYSTEM IN INDIA.
AROUND 150 RESOLUTION WAS PASSED IN THAT RESOLUTION AND ALL OF THE RESOLUTION WAS BASICALLY FROM THE POINT OF CONTEXT OF EDUCATION.
ALSO AN ACT KNOWN AS INDIAN UNIVERSITY ACT 1904 WAS PASSED WHICH WAS A FORWARD STEP TO THE INDIAN EDUCATION ACT 1902.
IN 1901,LORD CURZON FORMED IMPERIAL CADET CORP.
THE SOLE PURPOSE OF THIS WAS TO TRAIN INDIAN PRINCE AND PRINCESS WITH THE MILLITARY TRAINING.
PASSED ANCIENT MONUMENT PROTECTION ACT 1904.
PASSED INDIAN COINAGE AND PAPER CURRENCY ACT 1899.
EXTENDED INDIAN RAILWAY TO A GREAT EXTENT.

INDIAN COUNCIL ACT 1892

INDIAN COUNCIL ACT 1892 COME INTO THE EXISTENCE WHEN LANSDOWNE WAS THE VICEROY OF COUNTRY.
IT WAS IMPLEMENTED BECAUSE OF INCREASING DEMAND TO INCREASE THE MEMBER OF LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL IN PROVINCIAL AS WELL AS AT THE CENTRE.
THERE WERE 24 MEMBER IN THE LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL AND OUT OF THEM ONLY 5 WERE INDIAN.

LORD LANDSDOWNE--(1888-1894)

II FACTORY ACT WAS PASSED DURING HIS TENURE.

IT PROVIDE THE WEEKLY HOLIDAY FOR THE WEEK.

INDIA COUNCIL ACT 1892 WAS PASSED DURING HIS TENURE.

APPOINTMENT OF DURAND COMMISSION WAS FORMED DURING HIS TENURE TO DEFINE THE LINE OF BORDER BETWEEN BRITISH INDIA AND AFGANISTAN.

LORD DUFFERIN-1884-1888

HE SUCCEDDED LORD RIPON.
HE WAS IN THE OFFICE FOR 1884-1888.
INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS WAS FORMED DURING HIS TENURE.

HUNTER COMMISSION--1882--WILLIAM HUNTER--LORD RIPON

TO CHECK THE PRIMARY AND SECONDRY EDUCATION IN INDIA.

LORD RIPON,THE GOVERNER GENERAL OF INDIA,APPOINTED THE HUNTER COMMISSION.

THE COMMISSION GOTS IT NAME ON ITS CHAIRMAN,WILLIAM HUNTER.

THE COMMISSION WAS FORMED IN 3rd FEBUARY 1882,BY LORD RIPON.

THE COMMITTEE ALSO HAD 20 MEMBERS.

THIS COMMISSION WAS THE FIRST OF ITS COMMISSION ON THE TRANSFORMATION OF EDUCATION SYSTEM IN INDIA.

INAM COMMISSION--1852-INAM--LORD DOLHOUSIE

IT WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1852 DURING THE REIGN OF LORD DOLHOUSIE(1848-1856).

THE CHIEF OF THIS COMMITTEE WAS INAM.

THIS COMMITTEE WAS ESTABLISHED TO REQUIRE THE TITLE FROM LAND OWNER.

AND NEXT FIVE YEARS,MORE THAN 20000 LAND WERE TAKEN FROM THE LAND OWNER IN DECCAN.

CIVIL SERVICE IN INDIA

CIVIL SERVICE THAT IS CURRENTLY BEING PRACTICED IN INDIA IS FORMED AFTER PARTITION OF INDIA.
THE CIVIL SERVICE WAS STRNGTNH BY SARDAR VALLABH BHAI PATEL.
THE CIVIL SERVICE DAY IS CELEBRATED ON EVERY 21st APRIL IN COUNTRY.
THE CHEIF OF IAS IS 11th PRECEDENCE OF INDIA.
CURRENTLY IT IS HOLD BY AJIT SETH.
N R PILLAI WAS THE FIRST CHIEF OF IAS ASSOCIATION.
HE WAS FROM KERALA.

LORD DALHOUSIE

HE RULED THE INDIA AS GOVERNER GENERAL OF INDIA BETWEEN 1848 AND 1856.
DURING HIS TENURE,HE WAS CONSIDERED AS TRANFORMING THE PROFITABLE BUISNESS OF EAST INDIA COMPANY TO A RECKLESS AND LOSS MAKING BUISNESS.
HE  WAS VERY HARDWORKING AND HE WORKED FOR 16 HOURS A DAY.
EVEN ARTICLE ARE THERE THAT STATES THAT THE SHORTEST WORKING DAY FOR LORD DOLHOUSIE WAS FOR 9-10 HOURS.
HE WAS VERY HARD WORKING.
IN 1849,LORD DOLHOUSIE HAS ACQUIRED THE PRINCELY STATE OF PUNJAB.
HE ALSO COMMENCED THE SECOND BURMESE WAR AND ACQUIRED SOME PART OF BURMA.
LORD DOLHOUSIE ALSO PLAYED AN IMPORTANT PART ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE.THE MILLITARY ROLE WAS SWEPT AWAY AND SELECTION USED TO PLACE IN BASIS OF SENIORITY.
ARMY CLOTHING AND STUD DEPARTMENT WAS ESTABLISHED.
MEDICAL SERVICE UNDERWENT COMPLETE REVAMP.
A DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SERVICE WAS CREATED IN EACH PROVINCE AND ENGINEERING COLLEGE WAS ESTABLISHED.
THE FIRST RAILWAY LINK WAS PROVIDED IN INDIA IN 1855.
GANGES CANAL WAS COMPLETED.
ALSO METALLIC ROAD WAS BUILT IN INDIA.MASSIVE IRRIGATION WAS DEVELOPED IN INDIA.
HE ALSO IMPLEMENTED THE OPEN EXAMINATION FOR CIVIL SERVICES.

DOCTRINE OF LAPSE

THIS POLICY WAS MADE BY LORD DOULHOSIE.
THIS POLICY STATES THAT THE TERRITORY WOULD BE TAKEN BY BRITISH IF RULER DOESN'T HAVE A CHILD OR HE DIED.
THE POLICY ALSO STATES THAT ADOPTED CHILD WILL GET THE PRIVATE PROPERTY OF THE RULER BUT RIGHT TO RULE THE STATE WOULD BE GIVEN TO BRITISH.
THE FIRST STATE TO COME UNDER DOCTRINE OF LAPSE WAS SATARA.
SATARA WAS UNDER THE BRITISH RULE IN 1848.

FOURTH ANGLO MYSORE WAR--1799

THE THIRD WAR DEFEAT HAS MADE THE TIPU SULTAN A REVENGE AGAINST BRITISHER.
TIPU SULTAN FAUGHT BRAVELY.
HIS TERRITORY WAS ATTACKED FROM  TWO SIDES.
TIPU WAS DEFEATED BY BOMBAY ARMIES AND SECOND TIME HE WAS DEFEATED BY GENERAL HARRIS.
THIS WAR RESULTED IN DEATH OF TIPU SULTAN.

THIRD ANGLO MYSORE WAR(1789-1792)=TREATY OF SERINGAPATAM

THIRD ANGLO MYSORE WAR TOOK PLACE BETWEEN EAST INDIA COMPANY AND ITS ALLIES LIKE NIZAM OF HYDERABAD AND MARATHA VERSUS TIPU SULTAN.
THE WAR TOOK PLACE BETWEEN 1789-1792.
THE WAR ENDED WITH THE DEFEAT OF TIPU SULTAN.
THE WAR ALSO ENDED WITH THE CONCLUSION OF TREATY OF SERINGAPATAM.
THIS WAR HAS ALSO SHOWN THE LOW UNITY AMONG THE INDIAN AND MORE THE SELFISH NATURE OF NIZAM OF HYDERABAD AND MARATHA.
ACCORDING TO THE TREATY,HALF OF THE MYSORE WAS TAKEN BY BRITISH

SECOND ANGLO MARATHA WAR-(1780-1784)=TREATY OF MANGALORE

SECOND ANGLO MARATHA WAR TOOK PLACE IN 1780-1784.
IT WITNESS THE BLOODIER BATTLE BETWEEN HYDER ALI,TIPU SULTAN ON ONE SIDE AND BRITISH ARMY ON THE OTHER SIDE.
THE WAR ENDED IN THE TREATY OF MANGALORE.
HYDER ALI FOUND THAT FRENCH ARE MORE SUPPORTIVE THAN ENGLISH.
HYDER ALI DIED DURING THE WAR WAS TAKING PLACE.AFTER HIS DEATH,TIPU SULTAN HAS MANAGED THE WAR BUT BOTH SIDE i.e BRITISH AND MYSORE WERE TIRED OF THE WAR AND WAR ENDED WITH THE TREATY OF MANGALORE.

FIRST ANGLO MYSORE WAR(1767-1769)

THIS IS THE SERIES OF WAR THAT HAS TAKEN PLACE BETWEEN PRINCELY STATE OF MYSORE AND EAST INDIA COMPANY.
THE FIRST ANGLO MYSORE WAR HAS TAKEN PLACE BETWEEN EAST INDIA COMPANY AND  SULTANTE OF MYSORE.
THE WAR TOOK PLACE BETWEEN 1767-1769.
THE WAR WAS BECAUSE OF HYDER WANTING THAT BRITISHER SHOULD MOVE OUT OF THE COUNTRY.
THE WAR WAS BETWEEN BRITISH,MARATHA AND NIZAM OF HYDERABAD WITH BRITISH.
AT END,HYDER ALI WON THE WAR.

GOVERNER GENERAL OF INDIA

WARREN HASTING ENDED THE DUAL GOVERNMENT IN BENGAL.
THE FIRST GOVERNER OF EAST INDIA COMPANY WAS WARREN HASTING.
THE FIRST GOVERNER OF BENGAL WAS WARREN HASTING.
HOUSE OF COMMONS HAS DECIDED THAT ON WARREN HASTING,THE CASE OF CORRUPTION WAS CARRIED IN 1787.
BUT HE WAS CLEARLY OUT FROM THE CORRUPTION CHARGES.
LORD WELLINGSLY WAS THE ONE WHO HAS INTRODUCED THE SUBSIDIARY ALLIANCE IN INDIA.
NIZAM OF HYDERABAD WAS THE ONE WHO WAS FIRST ENCOUNTERED WITH THIS TYPE OF LAW AND HAS TO GIVE THE LAND TO BRITISHER IN 1798.
OUDH WAS THE ONE WHICH HAS OFFERED THE HALF OF THE STATE TO THE BRITISHER.

LORD CORNWALLIS AND PERMANENT SETTLEMENT ACT OF 1793

LORD CORNWALLIS WAS THE ONE WHO HAS PLAYED AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE EXPANSION OF EAST INDIA COMPANY.

THE REFORMS HAS TAKEN AN IMPORTANT STABILITY IN TENURE OF EAST INDIA COMPANY.

ONLY ONE WAR WAS TAKEN IN HIS TENURE WHICH WAS WITH TIPU SULTAN OF MYSORE PROVINCE.

HE WAS THE ONE WHO HAS TAKEN THE PERMANENT SETTLEMENT OF TAX COLLECTION IN BENGAL.

THE PERMANENT SETTLEMENT HAS SAID THAT REVENUE WILL BE COLLECTED AS A RESULT OF PRODUCTIVITY.

ALSO THIS ACT SAID THAT THE ARMED POWER OF ZAMINDAR WOULD BE TAKEN BACK FROM THEM AND THEIR CANNOT BE A PERMISSION FOR THE MAKING THE COURT FOR TAX COLLECTION.

LORD WELLINGLY AND SUBSIDIARY ALLIANCE IN EAST INDIA COMPANY

THE SUBSIDIARY ALLIANCE IN INDIA WAS INTRODUCED BY LORD WELLENGLSY.

TIS ALLIANCE WAS ONE OF THE MAJOR STEP TO PROHIBIT THE INDIAN RULER EXPANSION.

THE MAIN CONCERN IN THIS ALLIANCE WAS THE INDIAN RULER WERE NOT ALLOWED TO HAVE THEIR ARMY.

THEY WERE SAID THAT THEY WERE BEING PROTECTED BY BRITISH ARMY.

THEY WERE SUPPOSED TO PAY THE MONEY FOR THE PROTECTION.

IF INDIAN RULER FAILED TO PAY THE MONEY FOR THE PROTECTION,THEN THEIR TERRITORY WERE TAKEN BY BRITISH AS THE PENALTY.

AWADH WAS FORCED TO GIVE THE HALF OF HIS TERRITORY TO THE BRITISH ARMY.

SAME WAS THE CASE WITH HYDERABAD.

NIZAM OF HYDERABAD WAS THE FIRST TO GIVE THE LAND TO THE BRITISHER. IN 1798.

MYSORE WAS THE SECOND TO GIVE THE LAND IN 1799 AND TIPU SULTAN REFUSED TO GIVE THE LAND.THEN ONLY THE WAR HAS TAKEN PLACE.

THE WAR NAME WAS FOURTH ANGLO MYSORE WAR.

AFTER WAR,TIPU SULTAN WAS FORCED TO GIVE THE PRINCELY STATE OF MYSORE.

CENTRAL VIGILENCE COMMISSION

CENTRAL VIGILENCE COMMISSION HAS BEEN ESTABLISHED IN 1964.

IT WAS FORMED ON THE RECOMMENDATION OF REPORT BY PREVENTION OF CORRUPTION OF BY K SANTAHANAM.

NITUUR SRINAIVAS RAO WAS THE FIRST CHIEF VIGILENCE COMMISSIONER.

CURRENTLY,PRADEEP KUMAR WAS THE CHIEF CIGILENCE COMMISSIONER BUT HE RETIRED AND AS A RESULT RAJIV WAS MADE THE CHIEF VIGILENCE COMMISSIONER .

JAGRAN JOSH 1st OCTUBER

FIRST CASE OF EBOLA HAS BEEN NOTICED IN UNITED STATES.

MARY KOM HAS WON HER FIRST GOLD MEDAL IN ASEAN.

SHE IS THE ONLY WOMEN FROM INDIA TO HAVE WON THE GOLD IN BOXING IN ASEAN.

MARY KOM HAS ALSO WRITTEN THE BIOGRAPHY CALLED UNBREAKABLE.

HEALTH CARE MAJOR APPOLLO HAS MADE THE TIE UP WITH THE PHARMA FIRM CALLED SANOFI FOR ITS DIABETIS PROGRAAMAE IN INDIA.

APPOLLO HOSPITAL HAS OPENED IN INDIA IN 1983 AND IT WAS INAUGARATED BY SARDAR ZIANI JAIL SINGH.

THE FIRST APPOLLO HOSPITAL WAS OPENED IN CHENNAI.

UNION GOVERNMENT HAS APPROVED SETTING UP OF 6 MORE STPI i.e SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY PARK OF INDIA.

WITH APPROVAL OF SIX MORE PARK,THE TOTAL COUNT OF STPI IN ORISSA HAS ROSE TO 10.

GOOGLE SHUT DOWN ORKUT IN WORLD.

ORKUT WAS MADE BY AN GOOGLE EMPLOYEE ORKUT BUYOKOKTEN IN 2004.

ORKUT BUYOKOKTEN IS THE TURKISH SOFTWARE DEVELOPER.

PRESIDENT PRANAB MUKHERJEE HAS MADE RAJIV,WHO IS THE VIGILENCE COMMISSIONER TO BE THE CHAIRMAN OF CENTRAL VIGILENCE COMMISSIONER.

THE POST WAS VACCANT AFTER PRADEEP KUMAR HAS COMPLETED HIS TERM AS THE CHIEF VIGILENCE COMMISSIONER.

THOMAS STARZYL HAS DONE THE FIRST LIVER TRANSPLANT SURGERY IN 1963 WHICH WAS UNSUCCESSFUL BUT IN 1967 HE WAS SUCCESSFUL.

JAGRAN JOSH----SEPTEMBER

UNION GOVERNMENT CANCELLED THE APPROVAL OF 9 SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE.
THE SEZ CANCELLED INCLUDE OF HINDALCO,ESSAR AND ADANI.
THE CANCELLATION WAS BECAUSE OF NO WORK HAS BEEN DONE FOR THESE PROJECT AFTER THEY WERE GRANTED PERMISSION.
WWF RELEASED THE LIVING PLANT REPORT.
THE THEME OF THIS REPORT WAS SPECIED AND SPACES,PEOPLE AND PLACES.
INDIA AND UNITED STATES OF AMERICA COMBINED YUDH ABHYAS CONCLUDED IN RANIKHET IN UTTARAKHAND.
KOTAK MAHINDRA HAS AQUIRED THE 15% STAKE IN FINANCILA TECHNOLOGY INDIA LIMITED AT ABOUT 664 CRORE IN MCX AFTER MCX SAID THAT IT IS UNSUITABLE FOR TRADING.
FORMER INTERNATIONAL UMPIRE MOHD. GHOUSE DIED.
HE UMPIRED FOR 8 TEST MATHCES AND FOR 2 INTERNATION ODI.
ANDHRA PRADESH HAS SIGNED AN MOU WITH GOOGLE INDIA FOR DIGITAL ANDHRA PRADESH.
YEAR LONG CEMETARY OF KOMAGATU MARU INCIDENT INAUGAURATED.
THIRD GLOBAL CITIZEN FESTIVAL WAS INAUGARATED IN NEW YORK.
MAYANK PAREEK IS THE CEO OF TATA MOTORS PASSENGER VEHICLE SECTION.
HE HAS SWITCHED FROM MARUTI SUZUKI.
CARDEKHO.COM HAS AQUIRED GAADI.COM
GAADI.COM IS THE VENTURE OF IBIBO GROUP THAT HAS VARIOUS WEBSITE LIKE REDBUS.COM,TRADUS.COM.
INDIA AND UNITED STATES OF AMERICA HAS ISSUED A JOINT STATEMENT VISION FOR FUTURE WHICH NAMED AS CHALEIN SAATH SAATH-FORWARD TOGETHER WE GO.
WORLD TOURISM DAY IS OBSERVED ACROSS THE WORLD ON 27TH SEPTEMBER.
BHAGAT SINGH LAST SURVIVOR SISTER PRAKSH BIBI DIED.
HIMACHAL PRADEH HAS LAUNCHED THE CAGE CULTURE OF FISH FARMING.
MUTHURAMAN,THE VICE PRESIDENT OF TATA MOTORS HAS RETIRED.
TATA STEEL WAS STARTED IN 1907.